ID   HSP1_HUMAN              Reviewed;          51 AA.
AC   P04553;
DT   13-AUG-1987, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   23-JAN-2007, sequence version 2.
DT   24-JAN-2024, entry version 174.
DE   RecName: Full=Sperm protamine P1;
DE   AltName: Full=Cysteine-rich protamine;
GN   Name=PRM1;
OS   Homo sapiens (Human).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC   Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae;
OC   Homo.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=9606;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=2081589; DOI=10.1016/0888-7543(90)90234-l;
RA   Domenjoud L., Nussbaum G., Adham I.M., Greeske G., Engel W.;
RT   "Genomic sequences of human protamines whose genes, PRM1 and PRM2, are
RT   clustered.";
RL   Genomics 8:127-133(1990).
RN   [2]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=2613245; DOI=10.1016/0888-7543(89)90036-0;
RA   Krawetz S.A., Herfort M.H., Hamerton J.L., Pon R.T., Dixon G.H.;
RT   "Chromosomal localization and structure of the human P1 protamine gene.";
RL   Genomics 5:639-645(1989).
RN   [3]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
RX   PubMed=3658707; DOI=10.1093/nar/15.18.7639;
RA   Lee C.-H., Hoyer-Fender S., Engel W.;
RT   "The nucleotide sequence of a human protamine 1 cDNA.";
RL   Nucleic Acids Res. 15:7639-7639(1987).
RN   [4]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=7983046; DOI=10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47391-7;
RA   Nelson J.E., Krawetz S.A.;
RT   "Characterization of a human locus in transition.";
RL   J. Biol. Chem. 269:31067-31073(1994).
RN   [5]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=8263493;
RA   Queralt R., de Fabregues-Boixar O., Adroer R., Gene M., Gomez-Catalan J.,
RA   Huguet E., Oliva R.;
RT   "Direct sequencing of the human protamine P1 gene and application in
RT   forensic medicine.";
RL   J. Forensic Sci. 38:1491-1501(1993).
RN   [6]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=10659848; DOI=10.1038/35002070;
RA   Wyckoff G.J., Wang W., Wu C.-I.;
RT   "Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man.";
RL   Nature 403:304-309(2000).
RN   [7]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RA   Kalnine N., Chen X., Rolfs A., Halleck A., Hines L., Eisenstein S.,
RA   Koundinya M., Raphael J., Moreira D., Kelley T., LaBaer J., Lin Y.,
RA   Phelan M., Farmer A.;
RT   "Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector.";
RL   Submitted (MAY-2003) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN   [8]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC   TISSUE=Testis;
RX   PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504;
RG   The MGC Project Team;
RT   "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project:
RT   the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
RL   Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
RN   [9]
RP   PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-51.
RX   PubMed=4027356; DOI=10.1007/bf01116555;
RA   McKay D.J., Renaux B.S., Dixon G.H.;
RT   "The amino acid sequence of human sperm protamine P1.";
RL   Biosci. Rep. 5:383-391(1985).
RN   [10]
RP   PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-51.
RX   PubMed=3527226; DOI=10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.1.515;
RA   Ammer H., Henschen A., Lee C.-H.;
RT   "Isolation and amino-acid sequence analysis of human sperm protamines P1
RT   and P2. Occurrence of two forms of protamine P2.";
RL   Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 367:515-522(1986).
RN   [11]
RP   PHOSPHORYLATION BY SRPK1.
RX   PubMed=10390541; DOI=10.1093/nar/27.14.2972;
RA   Papoutsopoulou S., Nikolakaki E., Chalepakis G., Kruft V., Chevaillier P.,
RA   Giannakouros T.;
RT   "SR protein-specific kinase 1 is highly expressed in testis and
RT   phosphorylates protamine 1.";
RL   Nucleic Acids Res. 27:2972-2980(1999).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm
CC       during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA
CC       into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
CC   -!- SUBUNIT: Cross-linked by interchain disulfide bonds around the DNA-
CC       helix.
CC   -!- INTERACTION:
CC       P04553; P49760: CLK2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-13066730, EBI-750020;
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Nucleus. Chromosome.
CC   -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Testis.
CC   -!- PTM: Phosphorylated by SRPK1. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10390541}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protamine P1 family. {ECO:0000305}.
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DR   EMBL; Z46940; CAA87065.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; M60331; AAA63249.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; M29706; AAA60191.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; Y00443; CAA68499.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; U15422; AAC50486.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; S68144; AAB29321.2; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; AF215707; AAF34620.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; BT006746; AAP35392.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; BC003673; AAH03673.1; -; mRNA.
DR   CCDS; CCDS10547.1; -.
DR   PIR; A38515; HSHUP1.
DR   RefSeq; NP_002752.1; NM_002761.2.
DR   AlphaFoldDB; P04553; -.
DR   BioGRID; 111604; 2.
DR   IntAct; P04553; 1.
DR   STRING; 9606.ENSP00000310515; -.
DR   iPTMnet; P04553; -.
DR   PhosphoSitePlus; P04553; -.
DR   BioMuta; PRM1; -.
DR   DMDM; 123691; -.
DR   PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000310515; -.
DR   ProteomicsDB; 51716; -.
DR   Antibodypedia; 24690; 84 antibodies from 13 providers.
DR   DNASU; 5619; -.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000312511.4; ENSP00000310515.3; ENSG00000175646.4.
DR   GeneID; 5619; -.
DR   KEGG; hsa:5619; -.
DR   MANE-Select; ENST00000312511.4; ENSP00000310515.3; NM_002761.3; NP_002752.1.
DR   AGR; HGNC:9447; -.
DR   CTD; 5619; -.
DR   DisGeNET; 5619; -.
DR   GeneCards; PRM1; -.
DR   HGNC; HGNC:9447; PRM1.
DR   HPA; ENSG00000175646; Tissue enriched (testis).
DR   MIM; 182880; gene.
DR   neXtProt; NX_P04553; -.
DR   OpenTargets; ENSG00000175646; -.
DR   PharmGKB; PA33792; -.
DR   VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000175646; -.
DR   GeneTree; ENSGT00950000184850; -.
DR   HOGENOM; CLU_214580_2_0_1; -.
DR   InParanoid; P04553; -.
DR   OMA; MARYICC; -.
DR   PathwayCommons; P04553; -.
DR   Reactome; R-HSA-9821993; Replacement of protamines by nucleosomes in the male pronucleus.
DR   SignaLink; P04553; -.
DR   BioGRID-ORCS; 5619; 11 hits in 1136 CRISPR screens.
DR   ChiTaRS; PRM1; human.
DR   GenomeRNAi; 5619; -.
DR   Pharos; P04553; Tbio.
DR   PRO; PR:P04553; -.
DR   Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 16.
DR   RNAct; P04553; Protein.
DR   Bgee; ENSG00000175646; Expressed in sperm and 94 other cell types or tissues.
DR   ExpressionAtlas; P04553; baseline and differential.
DR   GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IDA:HPA.
DR   GO; GO:0005654; C:nucleoplasm; IDA:HPA.
DR   GO; GO:0000786; C:nucleosome; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0003677; F:DNA binding; TAS:ProtInc.
DR   GO; GO:0030261; P:chromosome condensation; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
DR   GO; GO:0051276; P:chromosome organization; TAS:ProtInc.
DR   GO; GO:0035092; P:sperm DNA condensation; IEA:InterPro.
DR   GO; GO:0007283; P:spermatogenesis; TAS:ProtInc.
DR   InterPro; IPR000221; Protamine_P1.
DR   Pfam; PF00260; Protamine_P1; 1.
DR   PROSITE; PS00048; PROTAMINE_P1; 1.
DR   Genevisible; P04553; HS.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Chromosome; Developmental protein; Differentiation;
KW   Direct protein sequencing; Disulfide bond; DNA condensation; DNA-binding;
KW   Nucleosome core; Nucleus; Phosphoprotein; Reference proteome;
KW   Spermatogenesis.
FT   INIT_MET        1
FT                   /note="Removed"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:3527226,
FT                   ECO:0000269|PubMed:4027356"
FT   CHAIN           2..51
FT                   /note="Sperm protamine P1"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:3527226,
FT                   ECO:0000269|PubMed:4027356"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000191482"
FT   REGION          1..30
FT                   /note="Disordered"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT   COMPBIAS        10..30
FT                   /note="Basic residues"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT   DISULFID        6
FT                   /note="Interchain"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P02318"
FT   DISULFID        39
FT                   /note="Interchain (with C-39)"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P02318"
FT   DISULFID        40..48
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P02318"
SQ   SEQUENCE   51 AA;  6823 MW;  4A5C6A92C713C33D CRC64;
     MARYRCCRSQ SRSRYYRQRQ RSRRRRRRSC QTRRRAMRCC RPRYRPRCRR H
//