P04063AMY2_HORVUAlpha-amylase type B isozyme3.2.1.11,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolaseAMY2-2High pI alpha-amylaseAMY1.2Hordeum vulgareBarleyEukaryotaViridiplantaeStreptophytaEmbryophytaTracheophytaSpermatophytaMagnoliopsidaLiliopsidaPoalesPoaceaeBOP cladePooideaeTriticodaeTriticeaeHordeinaeHordeumNucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of two different genes for high-pI alpha-amylases from barley.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Two barley alpha-amylase gene families are regulated differently in aleurone cells.NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]Crystal and molecular structure of barley alpha-amylase.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.80 ANGSTROMS) OF 25-427 IN COMPLEX WITH CALCIUMCOFACTORMolecular structure of a barley alpha-amylase-inhibitor complex: implications for starch binding and catalysis.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.8 ANGSTROMS) OF 25-427 IN COMPLEX WITH CALCIUM IONS AND ACARBOSEACTIVE SITECOFACTORBarley alpha-amylase bound to its endogenous protein inhibitor BASI: crystal structure of the complex at 1.9-A resolution.X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.9 ANGSTROMS) OF COMPLEX WITH BASI AND CALCIUM IONSCOFACTOREndohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1->4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units.Ca(2+)Binds 3 Ca(2+) ions per subunit.Monomer.Production of alpha-amylase is hormonally regulated. Germinating embryos produce the hormone gibberellic acid, which within 10 hours stimulates the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the seed to produce alpha-amylase. The enzyme then degrades the starch within the endosperm for use by the developing plant embryo.Type B isozyme mRNA is undetectable in unstimulated cells and increases a hundred-fold after stimulation with gibberellic acid.There are at least 4 types of alpha-amylase in barley.Binds starch not only at the active site, but also via accessory binding sites on the protein surface that are important for efficient binding to starch granules and thereby increase enzyme activity.Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.3D-structureCalciumCarbohydrate metabolismGerminationGlycosidaseHydrolaseMetal-bindingSignalsubstrateCa(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)Ca(2+)substrateCa(2+)substratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstratesubstrateGDEQMANKHLSLSLFLVLLGLSASLASGQVLFQGFNWESWKHNGGWYNFLMGKVDDIAAAGITHVWLPPASQSVAEQGYMPGRLYDLDASKYGNKAQLKSLIGALHGKGVKAIADIVINHRTAEHKDGRGIYCIFEGGTPDARLDWGPHMICRDDRPYADGTGNPDTGADFGAAPDIDHLNLRVQKELVEWLNWLKADIGFDGWRFDFAKGYSADVAKIYIDRSEPSFAVAEIWTSLAYGGDGKPNLNQDQHRQELVNWVDKVGGKGPATTFDFTTKGILNVAVEGELWRLRGTDGKAPGMIGWWPAKAVTFVDNHDTGSTQHMWPFPSDRVMQGYAYILTHPGTPCIFYDHFFDWGLKEEIDRLVSVRTRHGIHNESKLQIIEADADLYLAEIDGKVIVKLGPRYDVGNLIPGGFKVAAHGNDYAVWEKI
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