ID CXL10_HUMAN Reviewed; 98 AA. AC P02778; Q96QJ5; DT 21-JUL-1986, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 20-JUN-2002, sequence version 2. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 225. DE RecName: Full=C-X-C motif chemokine 10; DE AltName: Full=10 kDa interferon gamma-induced protein; DE Short=Gamma-IP10; DE Short=IP-10; DE AltName: Full=Small-inducible cytokine B10; DE Contains: DE RecName: Full=CXCL10(1-73); DE Flags: Precursor; GN Name=CXCL10; Synonyms=INP10, SCYB10; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. RX PubMed=3925348; DOI=10.1038/315672a0; RA Luster A.D., Unkeless J.C., Ravetch J.V.; RT "Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene RT containing homology to platelet proteins."; RL Nature 315:672-676(1985). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. RC TISSUE=Prostate; RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [3] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 22-51. RX PubMed=8423327; RA Proost P., de Wolf-Peeters C., Conings R., Opdenakker G., Billiau A., RA van Damme J.; RT "Identification of a novel granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP-2) from RT human tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo comparison with natural forms of RT GRO, IP-10, and IL-8."; RL J. Immunol. 150:1000-1010(1993). RN [4] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=7540647; DOI=10.1084/jem.182.1.155; RA Angiolillo A.L., Sgadari C., Taub D.D., Liao F., Farber J.M., RA Maheshwari S., Kleinman H.K., Reaman G.H., Tosato G.; RT "Human interferon-inducible protein 10 is a potent inhibitor of RT angiogenesis in vivo."; RL J. Exp. Med. 182:155-162(1995). RN [5] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=9064356; DOI=10.1084/jem.184.3.963; RA Loetscher M., Gerber B., Loetscher P., Jones S.A., Piali L., RA Clark-Lewis I., Baggiolini M., Moser B.; RT "Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and RT expression in activated T-lymphocytes."; RL J. Exp. Med. 184:963-969(1996). RN [6] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 22-29. RC TISSUE=Keratinocyte; RX PubMed=10233762; DOI=10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00581.x; RA Tensen C.P., Flier J., van der Raaij-Helmer E.M.H., RA Sampat-Sardjoepersad S., van der Schors R.C., Leurs R., Scheper R.J., RA Boorsma D.M., Willemze R.; RT "Human IP-9: a keratinocyte derived high affinity CXC-chemokine ligand for RT the IP-10/Mig receptor (CXCR3)."; RL J. Invest. Dermatol. 112:716-722(1999). RN [7] RP PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 22-27; 60-67 AND 79-98, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RP IDENTIFICATION OF CXCL10(1-73). RC TISSUE=Foreskin keratinocyte; RX PubMed=11559369; DOI=10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02433.x; RA Hensbergen P.J., van der Raaij-Helmer E.M.H., Dijkman R., RA van der Schors R.C., Werner-Felmayer G., Boorsma D.M., Scheper R.J., RA Willemze R., Tensen C.P.; RT "Processing of natural and recombinant CXCR3-targeting chemokines and RT implications for biological activity."; RL Eur. J. Biochem. 268:4992-4999(2001). RN [8] RP FUNCTION, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY. RX PubMed=11157474; DOI=10.1182/blood.v97.3.601; RA Romagnani P., Annunziato F., Lazzeri E., Cosmi L., Beltrame C., Lasagni L., RA Galli G., Francalanci M., Manetti R., Marra F., Vanini V., Maggi E., RA Romagnani S.; RT "Interferon-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by interferon gamma, and RT interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant are produced by thymic RT epithelial cells and attract T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta+ CD8+ single- RT positive T cells, TCRgammadelta+ T cells, and natural killer-type cells in RT human thymus."; RL Blood 97:601-607(2001). RN [9] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=12750173; DOI=10.1182/blood-2002-12-3945; RA Smit M.J., Verdijk P., van der Raaij-Helmer E.M., Navis M., RA Hensbergen P.J., Leurs R., Tensen C.P.; RT "CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis of human T cells is regulated by a Gi- and RT phospholipase C-dependent pathway and not via activation of MEK/p44/p42 RT MAPK nor Akt/PI-3 kinase."; RL Blood 102:1959-1965(2003). RN [10] RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY, AND FUNCTION. RX PubMed=12663757; DOI=10.1128/jvi.77.8.4502-4515.2003; RA Cheeran M.C., Hu S., Sheng W.S., Peterson P.K., Lokensgard J.R.; RT "CXCL10 production from cytomegalovirus-stimulated microglia is regulated RT by both human and viral interleukin-10."; RL J. Virol. 77:4502-4515(2003). RN [11] RP CITRULLINATION AT ARG-26. RX PubMed=18645041; DOI=10.1182/blood-2008-04-149039; RA Loos T., Mortier A., Gouwy M., Ronsse I., Put W., Lenaerts J.P., RA Van Damme J., Proost P.; RT "Citrullination of CXCL10 and CXCL11 by peptidylarginine deiminase: a RT naturally occurring posttranslational modification of chemokines and new RT dimension of immunoregulation."; RL Blood 112:2648-2656(2008). RN [12] RP FUNCTION, AND INTERACTION WITH CXCR3. RX PubMed=19151743; DOI=10.1038/aps.2008.24; RA Gao J.M., Xiang R.L., Jiang L., Li W.H., Feng Q.P., Guo Z.J., Sun Q., RA Zeng Z.P., Fang F.D.; RT "Sulfated tyrosines 27 and 29 in the N-terminus of human CXCR3 participate RT in binding native IP-10."; RL Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 30:193-201(2009). RN [13] RP SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND CLEAVAGE. RX PubMed=21183794; DOI=10.1172/jci40594; RA Casrouge A., Decalf J., Ahloulay M., Lababidi C., Mansour H., RA Vallet-Pichard A., Mallet V., Mottez E., Mapes J., Fontanet A., Pol S., RA Albert M.L.; RT "Evidence for an antagonist form of the chemokine CXCL10 in patients RT chronically infected with HCV."; RL J. Clin. Invest. 121:308-317(2011). RN [14] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=22652417; DOI=10.1016/j.cyto.2012.05.002; RA Sidahmed A.M., Leon A.J., Bosinger S.E., Banner D., Danesh A., RA Cameron M.J., Kelvin D.J.; RT "CXCL10 contributes to p38-mediated apoptosis in primary T lymphocytes in RT vitro."; RL Cytokine 59:433-441(2012). RN [15] RP STRUCTURE BY NMR OF 22-98, AND DISULFIDE BOND. RX PubMed=12173928; DOI=10.1021/bi026020q; RA Booth V., Keizer D.W., Kamphuis M.B., Clark-Lewis I., Sykes B.D.; RT "The CXCR3 binding chemokine IP-10/CXCL10: structure and receptor RT interactions."; RL Biochemistry 41:10418-10425(2002). RN [16] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (1.92 ANGSTROMS), DISULFIDE BONDS, AND SUBUNIT. RX PubMed=12737818; DOI=10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00070-4; RA Swaminathan G.J., Holloway D.E., Colvin R.A., Campanella G.K., RA Papageorgiou A.C., Luster A.D., Acharya K.R.; RT "Crystal structures of oligomeric forms of the IP-10/CXCL10 chemokine."; RL Structure 11:521-532(2003). CC -!- FUNCTION: Pro-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in a wide variety CC of processes such as chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation of CC peripheral immune cells, regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and CC modulation of angiostatic effects (PubMed:7540647, PubMed:11157474, CC PubMed:22652417). Plays thereby an important role during viral CC infections by stimulating the activation and migration of immune cells CC to the infected sites (By similarity). Mechanistically, binding of CC CXCL10 to the CXCR3 receptor activates G protein-mediated signaling and CC results in downstream activation of phospholipase C-dependent pathway, CC an increase in intracellular calcium production and actin CC reorganization (PubMed:12750173, PubMed:19151743). In turn, recruitment CC of activated Th1 lymphocytes occurs at sites of inflammation CC (PubMed:12750173, PubMed:12663757). Activation of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis CC also plays an important role in neurons in response to brain injury for CC activating microglia, the resident macrophage population of the central CC nervous system, and directing them to the lesion site. This recruitment CC is an essential element for neuronal reorganization (By similarity). CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P17515, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11157474, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:12663757, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12750173, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:19151743, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22652417, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:7540647}. CC -!- SUBUNIT: Monomer, dimer, and tetramer (PubMed:12737818). Interacts with CC CXCR3 (via N-terminus) (PubMed:19151743). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12737818, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:19151743}. CC -!- INTERACTION: CC P02778; P51671: CCL11; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-727357; CC P02778; Q99616: CCL13; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-725342; CC P02778; O00585: CCL21; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-953695; CC P02778; Q9Y258: CCL26; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-7783416; CC P02778; Q9NRJ3: CCL28; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-7783254; CC P02778; P13501: CCL5; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-2848366; CC P02778; P48061: CXCL12; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-3913254; CC P02778; Q07325: CXCL9; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-3911467; CC P02778; P27487: DPP4; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-2871277; CC P02778; P02776: PF4; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-7815386, EBI-2565740; CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21183794}. CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Mainly secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells as CC well as fibroblasts. Expressed by epithelial cells in thymus CC (PubMed:11157474). Microglial cells produce CXCL10 in response to viral CC stimulation (PubMed:12663757). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11157474, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:12663757}. CC -!- INDUCTION: By IFNG/IFN-gamma. A diverse population of cell types CC rapidly increases transcription of mRNA encoding this protein. This CC suggests that gamma-induced protein may be a key mediator of the CC IFNG/IFN-gamma response. CC -!- PTM: Several proteases can mediate post-secretion cleavages. DPP4 CC cleaves CXCL10 on its N-terminal 2 amino acids leading to an antagonist CC form of CXCL10. This dominant negative form is capable of binding CXCR3 CC but does not induce signaling. MMP9 cleaves 9 amino acids instead. CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21183794}. CC -!- MASS SPECTROMETRY: [C-X-C motif chemokine 10]: Mass=8641.8; CC Method=Electrospray; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:11559369}; CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family. CC {ECO:0000305}. CC -!- WEB RESOURCE: Name=Wikipedia; Note=CXCL10 entry; CC URL="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL10"; CC -!- WEB RESOURCE: Name=Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and CC Haematology; CC URL="https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/40218/CXCL10"; CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; X02530; CAA26370.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BC010954; AAH10954.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS43240.1; -. DR PIR; A03243; TGHUGI. DR RefSeq; NP_001556.2; NM_001565.3. DR PDB; 1LV9; NMR; -; A=22-98. DR PDB; 1O7Y; X-ray; 3.00 A; A/B/C/D=22-98. DR PDB; 1O7Z; X-ray; 1.92 A; A/B=22-98. DR PDB; 1O80; X-ray; 2.00 A; A/B=22-98. DR PDB; 8K2X; EM; 3.20 A; L=1-98. DR PDBsum; 1LV9; -. DR PDBsum; 1O7Y; -. DR PDBsum; 1O7Z; -. DR PDBsum; 1O80; -. DR PDBsum; 8K2X; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; P02778; -. DR EMDB; EMD-36842; -. DR SMR; P02778; -. DR BioGRID; 109839; 20. DR DIP; DIP-5893N; -. DR IntAct; P02778; 19. DR MINT; P02778; -. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000305651; -. DR BindingDB; P02778; -. DR ChEMBL; CHEMBL3712964; -. DR DrugBank; DB11338; Clove oil. DR DrugBank; DB06116; Eldelumab. DR DrugBank; DB04487; N-Methylleucine. DR iPTMnet; P02778; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; P02778; -. DR BioMuta; CXCL10; -. DR DMDM; 21542456; -. DR CPTAC; CPTAC-5938; -. DR MassIVE; P02778; -. DR MaxQB; P02778; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000305651; -. DR PeptideAtlas; P02778; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 51594; -. DR ABCD; P02778; 57 sequenced antibodies. DR Antibodypedia; 6335; 984 antibodies from 41 providers. DR CPTC; P02778; 2 antibodies. DR DNASU; 3627; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000306602.3; ENSP00000305651.1; ENSG00000169245.6. DR GeneID; 3627; -. DR KEGG; hsa:3627; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000306602.3; ENSP00000305651.1; NM_001565.4; NP_001556.2. DR UCSC; uc003hjl.5; human. DR AGR; HGNC:10637; -. DR CTD; 3627; -. DR DisGeNET; 3627; -. DR GeneCards; CXCL10; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:10637; CXCL10. DR HPA; ENSG00000169245; Tissue enhanced (lymphoid). DR MIM; 147310; gene. DR neXtProt; NX_P02778; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000169245; -. DR PharmGKB; PA35568; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000169245; -. DR eggNOG; ENOG502S7MM; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00940000161759; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_143902_2_2_1; -. DR InParanoid; P02778; -. DR OMA; VRCTCIK; -. DR OrthoDB; 4264143at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; P02778; -. DR TreeFam; TF333433; -. DR PathwayCommons; P02778; -. DR Reactome; R-HSA-380108; Chemokine receptors bind chemokines. DR Reactome; R-HSA-418594; G alpha (i) signalling events. DR Reactome; R-HSA-6783783; Interleukin-10 signaling. DR SignaLink; P02778; -. DR SIGNOR; P02778; -. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 3627; 12 hits in 1152 CRISPR screens. DR ChiTaRS; CXCL10; human. DR EvolutionaryTrace; P02778; -. DR GeneWiki; CXCL10; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 3627; -. DR Pharos; P02778; Tbio. DR PRO; PR:P02778; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 4. DR RNAct; P02778; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000169245; Expressed in vermiform appendix and 147 other cell types or tissues. DR GO; GO:0009897; C:external side of plasma membrane; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0005576; C:extracellular region; IDA:BHF-UCL. DR GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0008603; F:cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0042056; F:chemoattractant activity; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0008009; F:chemokine activity; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0045236; F:CXCR chemokine receptor binding; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0048248; F:CXCR3 chemokine receptor binding; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0008201; F:heparin binding; IMP:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0005102; F:signaling receptor binding; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0007189; P:adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0061844; P:antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0140374; P:antiviral innate immune response; IEP:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0008015; P:blood circulation; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0007166; P:cell surface receptor signaling pathway; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0007267; P:cell-cell signaling; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0034605; P:cellular response to heat; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0097398; P:cellular response to interleukin-17; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0071222; P:cellular response to lipopolysaccharide; IMP:MGI. DR GO; GO:0098586; P:cellular response to virus; IEP:ARUK-UCL. DR GO; GO:0070098; P:chemokine-mediated signaling pathway; IMP:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0006935; P:chemotaxis; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0042118; P:endothelial cell activation; IGI:CACAO. DR GO; GO:0007186; P:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IMP:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0006954; P:inflammatory response; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0007517; P:muscle organ development; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0016525; P:negative regulation of angiogenesis; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0045662; P:negative regulation of myoblast differentiation; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:1901740; P:negative regulation of myoblast fusion; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0030593; P:neutrophil chemotaxis; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0008284; P:positive regulation of cell population proliferation; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0090026; P:positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis; IDA:CACAO. DR GO; GO:0051281; P:positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:2000406; P:positive regulation of T cell migration; IDA:MGI. DR GO; GO:0045944; P:positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; TAS:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0042981; P:regulation of apoptotic process; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0042127; P:regulation of cell population proliferation; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:1901509; P:regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis; IDA:CACAO. DR GO; GO:0010819; P:regulation of T cell chemotaxis; IDA:CACAO. DR GO; GO:0010996; P:response to auditory stimulus; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0010332; P:response to gamma radiation; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0033280; P:response to vitamin D; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0007165; P:signal transduction; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0010818; P:T cell chemotaxis; IMP:UniProtKB. DR CDD; cd00273; Chemokine_CXC; 1. DR Gene3D; 2.40.50.40; -; 1. DR InterPro; IPR039809; Chemokine_b/g/d. DR InterPro; IPR001089; Chemokine_CXC. DR InterPro; IPR018048; Chemokine_CXC_CS. DR InterPro; IPR001811; Chemokine_IL8-like_dom. DR InterPro; IPR033899; CXC_Chemokine_domain. DR InterPro; IPR036048; Interleukin_8-like_sf. DR PANTHER; PTHR12015:SF202; C-X-C MOTIF CHEMOKINE 10; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR12015; SMALL INDUCIBLE CYTOKINE A; 1. DR Pfam; PF00048; IL8; 1. DR PRINTS; PR00437; SMALLCYTKCXC. DR SMART; SM00199; SCY; 1. DR SUPFAM; SSF54117; Interleukin 8-like chemokines; 1. DR PROSITE; PS00471; SMALL_CYTOKINES_CXC; 1. DR Genevisible; P02778; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Chemotaxis; Citrullination; Cytokine; KW Direct protein sequencing; Disulfide bond; Inflammatory response; KW Reference proteome; Secreted; Signal. FT SIGNAL 1..21 FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10233762, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:11559369, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8423327" FT CHAIN 22..98 FT /note="C-X-C motif chemokine 10" FT /id="PRO_0000005101" FT CHAIN 22..94 FT /note="CXCL10(1-73)" FT /id="PRO_0000005102" FT MOD_RES 26 FT /note="Citrulline; by PAD2" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:18645041" FT DISULFID 30..57 FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:12173928, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:12737818, ECO:0007744|PDB:1LV9, FT ECO:0007744|PDB:1O7Y, ECO:0007744|PDB:1O7Z, FT ECO:0007744|PDB:1O80" FT DISULFID 32..74 FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:12173928, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:12737818, ECO:0007744|PDB:1LV9, FT ECO:0007744|PDB:1O7Y, ECO:0007744|PDB:1O7Z, FT ECO:0007744|PDB:1O80" FT CONFLICT 93 FT /note="R -> M (in Ref. 1; CAA26370)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT TURN 42..44 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT STRAND 45..51 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT STRAND 57..59 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O80" FT STRAND 61..66 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT TURN 67..69 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT STRAND 72..75 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT STRAND 77..79 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" FT HELIX 80..88 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:1O7Z" SQ SEQUENCE 98 AA; 10881 MW; 44AE51967C58DDFF CRC64; MNQTAILICC LIFLTLSGIQ GVPLSRTVRC TCISISNQPV NPRSLEKLEI IPASQFCPRV EIIATMKKKG EKRCLNPESK AIKNLLKAVS KERSKRSP //