P00738 (HPT_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Last modified
May 1, 2013.
Version 150.
History...
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Web links·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize order
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Web links·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize orderNames and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Haptoglobin Alternative name(s): Zonulin Cleaved into the following 2 chains: | ||
| Gene names |
| ||
| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) [Reference proteome] | ||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo![]() |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 406 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Sequence processing | The displayed sequence is further processed into a mature form. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level |
General annotation (Comments)
| Function | As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an Antimicrobial; Antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidely cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway. Ref.27 Uncleaved haptoglogin, also known as zonulin, plays a role in intestinal permeability, allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly, and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens. Ref.27 |
| Subunit structure | Tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains; disufide-linked. The Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complex is composed of a haptoglobin dimer bound to two hemoglobin alpha-beta dimers. Interacts with CD163. |
| Subcellular location | |
| Tissue specificity | Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. |
| Polymorphism | In the human populations there are two major allelic forms, alpha-1 (1-1) with 83 residues and alpha-2 (2-2) with 142 residues. These alleles determine 3 possible genotypes, homozygous (1-1 or 2-2) and heterozygous (2-1), and 3 major phenotypes HP*1F/HP*1S and HP*2FS. The two main alleles of HP*1 are called HP*1F (fast) and HP*1S (slow). The alleles exhibit different oligomerization properties. In healthy males, but not in females, the Hp 2-2 phenotype is associated with higher serum iron, decreased Antimicrobial; Antioxidant capability, and less efficient clearance from the circulation, than Hp 1-1 and 2-1. |
| Involvement in disease | Anhaptoglobinemia (AHP) [MIM:614081]: A condition characterized by the absence of the serum glycoprotein haptoglobin. Serum levels of haptoglobin vary among normal persons: levels are low in the neonatal period and in the elderly, differ by population, and can be influenced by environmental factors, such as infection. Secondary hypohaptoglobinemia can occur as a consequence of hemolysis, during which haptoglobin binds to free hemoglobin. Congenital haptoglobin deficiency is a risk factor for anaphylactic non-hemolytic transfusion reactions. |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Contains 1 peptidase S1 domain. Contains 2 Sushi (CCP/SCR) domains. |
| Caution | Although homologous to serine proteases, it has lost all essential catalytic residues and has no enzymatic activity. |
Ontologies
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | Feature identifier | ||||||
Molecule processing | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal peptide | 1 – 18 | 18 | Ref.15 | ||||||||
| Chain | 19 – 406 | 388 | Haptoglobin | PRO_0000028456 | |||||||
| Chain | 19 – 160 | 142 | Haptoglobin alpha chain | PRO_0000028457 | |||||||
| Chain | 162 – 406 | 245 | Haptoglobin beta chain | PRO_0000028458 | |||||||
Regions | |||||||||||
| Domain | 31 – 88 | 58 | Sushi 1 | ||||||||
| Domain | 90 – 147 | 58 | Sushi 2 | ||||||||
| Domain | 162 – 404 | 243 | Peptidase S1 | ||||||||
| Region | 318 – 323 | 6 | Interaction with CD163 By similarity | ||||||||
Amino acid modifications | |||||||||||
| Glycosylation | 184 | 1 | N-linked (GlcNAc...) Ref.19 Ref.20 Ref.22 | ||||||||
| Glycosylation | 207 | 1 | N-linked (GlcNAc...) Ref.18 Ref.19 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.22 | ||||||||
| Glycosylation | 211 | 1 | N-linked (GlcNAc...) Ref.19 Ref.20 Ref.21 Ref.22 | ||||||||
| Glycosylation | 241 | 1 | N-linked (GlcNAc...) (complex) Ref.18 Ref.19 Ref.20 Ref.22 Ref.23 | ||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 33 | Interchain Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 52 ↔ 86 | Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 92 | Interchain Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 111 ↔ 145 | Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 149 ↔ 266 | Interchain (between alpha and beta chains) Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 309 ↔ 340 | Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
| Disulfide bond | 351 ↔ 381 | Ref.15 Ref.17 | |||||||||
Natural variations | |||||||||||
| Natural variant | 29 – 87 | 59 | Missing in allele HP*1F and allele HP*1S. | VAR_017112 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 129 | 1 | N → D in allele HP*1F. Ref.3 Ref.5 | VAR_005294 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 130 | 1 | E → K in allele HP*1F. Ref.3 | VAR_017113 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 247 | 1 | I → T in AHP; causes reduced expression of the protein. Ref.28 Corresponds to variant rs104894517 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_066214 | |||||||
| Natural variant | 397 | 1 | D → H. Corresponds to variant rs12646 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_017114 | |||||||
Experimental info | |||||||||||
| Sequence conflict | 70 | 1 | D → N in AAA52687. Ref.2 | ||||||||
| Sequence conflict | 130 | 1 | E → G in AAI07588. Ref.10 | ||||||||
Sequences
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References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "Molecular cloning of human haptoglobin cDNA: evidence for a single mRNA coding for alpha 2 and beta chains." van der Straten A., Herzog A., Jacobs P., Cabezon T., Bollen A. EMBO J. 2:1003-1007(1983) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. |
| [2] | "Identification and characterization of human haptoglobin cDNA." Yang F., Brune J.L., Baldwin W.D., Barnett D.R., Bowman B.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:5875-5879(1983) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA]. |
| [3] | "Characterization of human haptoglobin cDNAs coding for alpha 2FS beta and alpha 1S beta variants." van der Straten A., Herzog A., Cabezon T., Bollen A. FEBS Lett. 168:103-107(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANTS 29-ALA--GLU-87 DEL; ASP-129 AND LYS-130. Tissue: Liver. |
| [4] | "Evolution of haptoglobin: comparison of complementary DNA encoding Hp alpha 1S and Hp alpha 2FS." Brune J.L., Yang F., Barnett D.R., Bowman B.H. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:4531-4538(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANT 29-ALA--GLU-87 DEL. |
| [5] | "Structure and expression of the human haptoglobin locus." Bensi G., Raugei G., Klefenz H., Cortese R. EMBO J. 4:119-126(1985) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], VARIANT ASP-129. |
| [6] | "Nucleotide sequence of the haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related gene pair. The haptoglobin-related gene contains a retrovirus-like element." Maeda N. J. Biol. Chem. 260:6698-6709(1985) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [7] | "Junctions between genes in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates." Erickson L.M., Kim H.S., Maeda N. Genomics 14:948-958(1992) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [8] | "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs." Ota T., Suzuki Y., Nishikawa T., Otsuki T., Sugiyama T., Irie R., Wakamatsu A., Hayashi K., Sato H., Nagai K., Kimura K., Makita H., Sekine M., Obayashi M., Nishi T., Shibahara T., Tanaka T., Ishii S. Sugano S.Nat. Genet. 36:40-45(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA]. Tissue: Mammary gland. |
| [9] | NHLBI resequencing and genotyping service (RS&G) Submitted (DEC-2005) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [10] | "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT 29-ALA--GLU-87 DEL. Tissue: Liver. |
| [11] | "Expression of cloned human haptoglobin and alpha 1-antitrypsin complementary DNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." van der Straten A., Falque J.-C., Loriau R., Bollen A., Cabezon T. DNA 5:129-136(1986) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 1-19. |
| [12] | "Sequence of human haptoglobin cDNA: evidence that the alpha and beta subunits are coded by the same mRNA." Raugei G., Bensi G., Colantuoni V., Romano V., Santoro C., Costanzo F., Cortese R. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:5811-5819(1983) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 3-406. |
| [13] | "Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q." Loftus B.J., Kim U.-J., Sneddon V.P., Kalush F., Brandon R., Fuhrmann J., Mason T., Crosby M.L., Barnstead M., Cronin L., Mays A.D., Cao Y., Xu R.X., Kang H.-L., Mitchell S., Eichler E.E., Harris P.C., Venter J.C., Adams M.D. Genomics 60:295-308(1999) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA] OF 3-406. |
| [14] | "Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp2 gene." Maeda N., Yang F., Barnett D.R., Bowman B.H., Smithies O. Nature 309:131-135(1984) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA] OF 3-375. |
| [15] | "Covalent structure of human haptoglobin: a serine protease homolog." Kurosky A., Barnett D.R., Lee T.-H., Touchstone B., Hay R.E., Arnott M.S., Bowman B.H., Fitch W.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:3388-3392(1980) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 19-28; 88-160 AND 162-406, DISULFIDE BONDS. |
| [16] | "Protein analysis of human maculae in relation to age-related maculopathy." Kliffen M., de Jong P.T.V.M., Luider T.M. Lab. Invest. 73:267-272(1995) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 162-176. Tissue: Eye. |
| [17] | "Studies on the interchain disulfides of human haptoglobins." Malchy B., Dixon G.H. Can. J. Biochem. 51:249-264(1973) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: DISULFIDE BONDS. |
| [18] | "Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry." Zhang H., Li X.-J., Martin D.B., Aebersold R. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:660-666(2003) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION AT ASN-207 AND ASN-241. Tissue: Plasma and Serum. |
| [19] | "Screening for N-glycosylated proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry." Bunkenborg J., Pilch B.J., Podtelejnikov A.V., Wisniewski J.R. Proteomics 4:454-465(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-184; ASN-207; ASN-211 AND ASN-241, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Plasma. |
| [20] | "Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry." Liu T., Qian W.-J., Gritsenko M.A., Camp D.G. II, Monroe M.E., Moore R.J., Smith R.D. J. Proteome Res. 4:2070-2080(2005) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-184; ASN-207; ASN-211 AND ASN-241, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Plasma. |
| [21] | "Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry." Ramachandran P., Boontheung P., Xie Y., Sondej M., Wong D.T., Loo J.A. J. Proteome Res. 5:1493-1503(2006) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-207 AND ASN-211, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Saliva. |
| [22] | "Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry." Chen R., Jiang X., Sun D., Han G., Wang F., Ye M., Wang L., Zou H. J. Proteome Res. 8:651-661(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-184; ASN-207; ASN-211 AND ASN-241, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Liver. |
| [23] | "Enrichment of glycopeptides for glycan structure and attachment site identification." Nilsson J., Rueetschi U., Halim A., Hesse C., Carlsohn E., Brinkmalm G., Larson G. Nat. Methods 6:809-811(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: GLYCOSYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASN-241, CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Cerebrospinal fluid. |
| [24] | "Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2." Tripathi A., Lammers K.M., Goldblum S., Shea-Donohue T., Netzel-Arnett S., Buzza M.S., Antalis T.M., Vogel S.N., Zhao A., Yang S., Arrietta M.C., Meddings J.B., Fasano A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:16799-16804(2009) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION AS ZONULIN. |
| [25] | "Haptoglobin: basic and clinical aspects." Levy A.P., Asleh R., Blum S., Levy N.S., Miller-Lotan R., Kalet-Litman S., Anbinder Y., Lache O., Nakhoul F.M., Asaf R., Farbstein D., Pollak M., Soloveichik Y.Z., Strauss M., Alshiek J., Livshits A., Schwartz A., Awad H., Jad K., Goldenstein H. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12:293-304(2010) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: REVIEW. |
| [26] | "Initial characterization of the human central proteome." Burkard T.R., Planyavsky M., Kaupe I., Breitwieser F.P., Buerckstuemmer T., Bennett K.L., Superti-Furga G., Colinge J. BMC Syst. Biol. 5:17-17(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS]. |
| [27] | "Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer." Fasano A. Physiol. Rev. 91:151-175(2011) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION OF ZONULIN. |
| [28] | "A novel I247T missense mutation in the haptoglobin 2 beta-chain decreases the expression of the protein and is associated with ahaptoglobinemia." Teye K., Quaye I.K., Koda Y., Soejima M., Pang H., Tsuneoka M., Amoah A.G., Adjei A., Kimura H. Hum. Genet. 114:499-502(2004) [PubMed] [Europe PMC] [Abstract] Cited for: VARIANT AHP THR-247, CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIANT AHP THR-247. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Web resources
| GeneReviews |
| SHMPD The Singapore human mutation and polymorphism database |
| Wikipedia Haptoglobin entry |
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |
|---|---|
| EMBL GenBank DDBJ | K00422 mRNA. Translation: AAA52687.1. K01763 mRNA. Translation: AAA52684.1. L29394 mRNA. Translation: AAA52685.1. X00637 mRNA. Translation: CAA25267.1. X01793 X01791 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA25926.1.M10935 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA88080.1. M69197 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAA88078.1. AK314700 mRNA. Translation: BAF98793.1. DQ314870 Genomic DNA. Translation: ABC40729.1. BC107587 mRNA. Translation: AAI07588.1. BC121125 mRNA. Translation: AAI21126.1. M13192 mRNA. No translation available. AC004682 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAC27432.1. X00606 Genomic DNA. Translation: CAA25248.1. |
| IPI | IPI00641737. |
| PIR | HPHU2. A92532. HPHU1. A93521. |
| RefSeq | NP_001119574.1. NM_001126102.1. NP_005134.1. NM_005143.3. |
| UniGene | Hs.513711. Hs.702099. |
3D structure databases | |
| ProteinModelPortal | P00738. |
| ModBase | Search... |
Protein-protein interaction databases | |
| IntAct | P00738. 14 interactions. |
| STRING | 9606.ENSP00000348170. |
Protein family/group databases | |
| MEROPS | S01.972. |
PTM databases | |
| PhosphoSite | P00738. |
Polymorphism databases | |
| DMDM | 123508. |
2D gel databases | |
| DOSAC-COBS-2DPAGE | P00738. |
| SWISS-2DPAGE | P00738. |
Proteomic databases | |
| PaxDb | P00738. |
| PRIDE | P00738. |
Protocols and materials databases | |
| DNASU | 3240. |
| StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase | Search... |
Genome annotation databases | |
| Ensembl | ENST00000355906; ENSP00000348170; ENSG00000257017. ENST00000398131; ENSP00000381199; ENSG00000257017. ENST00000570083; ENSP00000457629; ENSG00000257017. |
| GeneID | 3240. |
| KEGG | hsa:3240. |
| UCSC | uc002fbr.4. human. |
Organism-specific databases | |
| CTD | 3240. |
| GeneCards | GC16P072089. |
| HGNC | HGNC:5141. HP. |
| HPA | CAB003787. HPA047750. |
| MIM | 140100. gene. 614081. phenotype. |
| neXtProt | NX_P00738. |
| PharmGKB | PA29415. |
| GenAtlas | Search... |
Phylogenomic databases | |
| eggNOG | NOG246387. |
| HOVERGEN | HBG005989. |
| InParanoid | P00738. |
| KO | K16142. |
| OrthoDB | EOG4XPQG5. |
Enzyme and pathway databases | |
| Pathway_Interaction_DB | amb2_neutrophils_pathway. amb2 Integrin signaling. |
Gene expression databases | |
| ArrayExpress | P00738. |
| Bgee | P00738. |
| CleanEx | HS_HP. |
| Genevestigator | P00738. |
| GermOnline | ENSG00000197711. Homo sapiens. |
Family and domain databases | |
| InterPro | IPR001254. Peptidase_S1. IPR001314. Peptidase_S1A. IPR000436. Sushi_SCR_CCP. IPR009003. Trypsin-like_Pept_dom. [Graphical view] |
| Pfam | PF00089. Trypsin. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| PRINTS | PR00722. CHYMOTRYPSIN. |
| SMART | SM00032. CCP. 2 hits. SM00020. Tryp_SPc. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| SUPFAM | SSF57535. Complement_control_module. 2 hits. SSF50494. Pept_Ser_Cys. 1 hit. |
| PROSITE | PS50923. SUSHI. 2 hits. PS50240. TRYPSIN_DOM. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| ProtoNet | Search... |
Other | |
| GenomeRNAi | 3240. |
| NextBio | 12895. |
| SOURCE | Search... |
Entry information
| Entry name | HPT_HUMAN | ||||||||
| Accession | Primary (citable) accession number: P00738 Secondary accession number(s): B0AZL5 Q9UC67 | ||||||||
| Entry history |
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| Entry status | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | ||||||||
| Annotation program | Chordata Protein Annotation Program | ||||||||
| Disclaimer | Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. | ||||||||
Relevant documents
| Peptidase families Classification of peptidase families and list of entries |
| Human chromosome 16 Human chromosome 16: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM |
| Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations |
| Human polymorphisms and disease mutations Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations |
| MIM cross-references Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot |
| SIMILARITY comments Index of protein domains and families |

Clusters with
