O75385 (ULK1_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Last modified
January 25, 2012.
Version 110.
History...
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Interactions·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize order
Names·Attributes·General annotation·Ontologies·Interactions·Sequence annotation·Sequences·References·Cross-refs·Entry info·DocumentsCustomize orderNames and origin
| Protein names | Recommended name: Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 EC=2.7.11.1 Alternative name(s): Autophagy-related protein 1 homolog Short name=ATG1 Short name=hATG1 Unc-51-like kinase 1 | ||||
| Gene names |
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| Organism | Homo sapiens (Human) | ||||
| Taxonomic identifier | 9606 [NCBI] | ||||
| Taxonomic lineage | Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo |
Protein attributes
| Sequence length | 1050 AA. |
| Sequence status | Complete. |
| Protein existence | Evidence at protein level |
General annotation (Comments)
| Function | Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in autophagy in response to starvation. Acts upstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PIK3C3 to regulate the formation of autophagophores, the precursors of autophagosomes. Part of regulatory feedback loops in autophagy: acts both as a downstream effector and negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) via interaction with RPTOR. Activated via phosphorylation by AMPK and also acts as a regulator of AMPK by mediating phosphorylation of AMPK subunits PRKAA1, PRKAB2 and PRKAG1, leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity. May phosphorylate ATG13/KIAA0652 and RPTOR; however such data need additional evidences. Plays a role early in neuronal differentiation and is required for granule cell axon formation. Ref.14 Ref.17 Ref.18 |
| Catalytic activity | ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. |
| Subunit structure | Interacts with GABARAP and GABARAPL2. Interacts (via C-terminus) with ATG13/KIAA0652. Part of a complex consisting of ATG13/KIAA0652, ULK1 and RB1CC1. Associates with the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) through an interaction with RPTOR; the association depends on nutrient conditions and is reduced during starvation. Ref.5 Ref.12 Ref.13 Ref.14 Ref.18 |
| Subcellular location | Cytoplasm › cytosol By similarity. Preautophagosomal structure By similarity. Note: Under starvation conditions, is localized to puncate structures primarily representing the isolation membrane that sequesters a portion of the cytoplasm resulting in the formation of an autophagosome By similarity. |
| Tissue specificity | Ubiquitously expressed. Detected in the following adult tissues: skeletal muscle, heart, pancreas, brain, placenta, liver, kidney, and lung. |
| Post-translational modification | Autophosphorylated. Phosphorylated under nutrient-rich conditions; dephosphorylated during starvation or following treatment with rapamycin. Under nutrient sufficiency, phosphorylated by MTOR/mTOR, disrupting the interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1 By similarity. In response to nutrient limitation, phosphorylated and activated by AMPK, leading to activate autophagy. Ref.6 Ref.7 Ref.8 Ref.9 Ref.10 Ref.11 Ref.15 Ref.16 Ref.17 Ref.19 |
| Sequence similarities | Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. APG1/unc-51/ULK1 subfamily. Contains 1 protein kinase domain. |
| Sequence caution | The sequence BAA34442.2 differs from that shown. Reason: Erroneous initiation. Translation N-terminally shortened. |
Ontologies
Binary interactions
With | Entry | #Exp. | IntAct | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GABARAPL1 | Q9H0R8 | 2 | EBI-908831,EBI-746969 | |
| GABARAPL2 | P60520 | 3 | EBI-908831,EBI-720116 | |
| MAP1LC3B | Q9GZQ8 | 2 | EBI-908831,EBI-373144 | |
| MAP1LC3C | Q9BXW4 | 2 | EBI-908831,EBI-2603996 | |
| RB1CC1 | Q8TDY2 | 4 | EBI-908831,EBI-1047793 |
Sequence annotation (Features)
| Feature key | Position(s) | Length | Description | Graphical view | Feature identifier | ||||
Molecule processing | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain | 1 – 1050 | 1050 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 | PRO_0000086780 | |||||
Regions | |||||||||
| Domain | 16 – 278 | 263 | Protein kinase | ||||||
| Nucleotide binding | 22 – 30 | 9 | ATP By similarity | ||||||
| Region | 287 – 416 | 130 | Interaction with GABARAP and GABARAPL2 | ||||||
| Compositional bias | 297 – 310 | 14 | Poly-Ser | ||||||
Sites | |||||||||
| Active site | 138 | 1 | Proton acceptor By similarity | ||||||
| Binding site | 46 | 1 | ATP By similarity | ||||||
Amino acid modifications | |||||||||
| Modified residue | 317 | 1 | Phosphoserine; by AMPK By similarity | ||||||
| Modified residue | 450 | 1 | Phosphoserine Ref.9 Ref.10 Ref.15 Ref.16 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 456 | 1 | Phosphothreonine Ref.10 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 467 | 1 | Phosphoserine By similarity | ||||||
| Modified residue | 469 | 1 | Phosphoserine Ref.16 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 477 | 1 | Phosphoserine Ref.9 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 479 | 1 | Phosphoserine Ref.9 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 556 | 1 | Phosphoserine; by AMPK Probable | ||||||
| Modified residue | 575 | 1 | Phosphothreonine By similarity | ||||||
| Modified residue | 623 | 1 | Phosphoserine Ref.16 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 625 | 1 | Phosphothreonine By similarity | ||||||
| Modified residue | 638 | 1 | Phosphoserine; by AMPK By similarity | ||||||
| Modified residue | 717 | 1 | Phosphothreonine Ref.11 | ||||||
| Modified residue | 758 | 1 | Phosphoserine; by MTOR Probable | ||||||
Natural variations | |||||||||
| Natural variant | 290 | 1 | V → M in an ovarian mucinous carcinoma sample; somatic mutation. Ref.20 | VAR_041274 | |||||
| Natural variant | 298 | 1 | S → L. Ref.20 Corresponds to variant rs56364352 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_041275 | |||||
| Natural variant | 478 | 1 | P → L. Ref.20 Corresponds to variant rs12827141 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_041276 | |||||
| Natural variant | 503 | 1 | T → M. Ref.20 Corresponds to variant rs55824543 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_041277 | |||||
| Natural variant | 665 | 1 | S → L. Ref.20 Corresponds to variant rs55815560 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_041278 | |||||
| Natural variant | 714 | 1 | P → L. Ref.20 Corresponds to variant rs11546871 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_041279 | |||||
| Natural variant | 784 | 1 | S → C in a lung adenocarcinoma sample; somatic mutation. Ref.20 | VAR_041280 | |||||
| Natural variant | 816 | 1 | T → A. Ref.1 Ref.2 Corresponds to variant rs11609348 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ]. | VAR_054892 | |||||
Sequences
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References
| « Hide 'large scale' references | |
| [1] | "Human ULK1, a novel serine/threonine kinase related to UNC-51 kinase of Caenorhabditis elegans: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal assignment." Kuroyanagi H., Yan J., Seki N., Yamanouchi Y., Suzuki Y., Takano T., Muramatsu M., Shirasawa T. Genomics 51:76-85(1998) [PubMed: 9693035] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], VARIANT ALA-816. |
| [2] | "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XI. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro." Nagase T., Ishikawa K., Suyama M., Kikuno R., Miyajima N., Tanaka A., Kotani H., Nomura N., Ohara O. DNA Res. 5:277-286(1998) [PubMed: 9872452] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], VARIANT ALA-816. Tissue: Brain. |
| [3] | "Construction of expression-ready cDNA clones for KIAA genes: manual curation of 330 KIAA cDNA clones." Nakajima D., Okazaki N., Yamakawa H., Kikuno R., Ohara O., Nagase T. DNA Res. 9:99-106(2002) [PubMed: 12168954] [Abstract] Cited for: SEQUENCE REVISION. |
| [4] | "The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12." Scherer S.E., Muzny D.M., Buhay C.J., Chen R., Cree A., Ding Y., Dugan-Rocha S., Gill R., Gunaratne P., Harris R.A., Hawes A.C., Hernandez J., Hodgson A.V., Hume J., Jackson A., Khan Z.M., Kovar-Smith C., Lewis L.R. Gibbs R.A.Nature 440:346-351(2006) [PubMed: 16541075] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA]. |
| [5] | "Interaction of the Unc-51-like kinase and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 related proteins in the brain: possible role of vesicular transport in axonal elongation." Okazaki N., Yan J., Yuasa S., Ueno T., Kominami E., Masuho Y., Koga H., Muramatsu M.-A. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 85:1-12(2000) [PubMed: 11146101] [Abstract] Cited for: INTERACTION WITH GABARAP AND GABARAPL2. |
| [6] | "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks." Olsen J.V., Blagoev B., Gnad F., Macek B., Kumar C., Mortensen P., Mann M. Cell 127:635-648(2006) [PubMed: 17081983] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-556, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Cervix carcinoma. |
| [7] | "Proteomics analysis of protein kinases by target class-selective prefractionation and tandem mass spectrometry." Wissing J., Jaensch L., Nimtz M., Dieterich G., Hornberger R., Keri G., Wehland J., Daub H. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6:537-547(2007) [PubMed: 17192257] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-638, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Leukemic T-cell. |
| [8] | "Combining protein-based IMAC, peptide-based IMAC, and MudPIT for efficient phosphoproteomic analysis." Cantin G.T., Yi W., Lu B., Park S.K., Xu T., Lee J.-D., Yates J.R. III J. Proteome Res. 7:1346-1351(2008) [PubMed: 18220336] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-638, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Cervix carcinoma. |
| [9] | "Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle." Daub H., Olsen J.V., Bairlein M., Gnad F., Oppermann F.S., Korner R., Greff Z., Keri G., Stemmann O., Mann M. Mol. Cell 31:438-448(2008) [PubMed: 18691976] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-450; SER-477 AND SER-479, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Cervix carcinoma. |
| [10] | "A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation." Dephoure N., Zhou C., Villen J., Beausoleil S.A., Bakalarski C.E., Elledge S.J., Gygi S.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:10762-10767(2008) [PubMed: 18669648] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-450; THR-456 AND SER-556, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Cervix carcinoma. |
| [11] | "Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach." Gauci S., Helbig A.O., Slijper M., Krijgsveld J., Heck A.J., Mohammed S. Anal. Chem. 81:4493-4501(2009) [PubMed: 19413330] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT THR-717, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Embryonic kidney. |
| [12] | "Atg101, a novel mammalian autophagy protein interacting with Atg13." Hosokawa N., Sasaki T., Iemura S.I., Natsume T., Hara T., Mizushima N. Autophagy 5:973-979(2009) [PubMed: 19597335] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBUNIT. |
| [13] | "Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy." Hosokawa N., Hara T., Kaizuka T., Kishi C., Takamura A., Miura Y., Iemura S., Natsume T., Takehana K., Yamada N., Guan J.L., Oshiro N., Mizushima N. Mol. Biol. Cell 20:1981-1991(2009) [PubMed: 19211835] [Abstract] Cited for: SUBUNIT, INTERACTION WITH RPTOR AND TORC1 COMPLEX. |
| [14] | "Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism." Chan E.Y.W., Longatti A., McKnight N.C., Tooze S.A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29:157-171(2009) [PubMed: 18936157] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, INTERACTION WITH ATG13. |
| [15] | "Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome." Oppermann F.S., Gnad F., Olsen J.V., Hornberger R., Greff Z., Keri G., Mann M., Daub H. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 8:1751-1764(2009) [PubMed: 19369195] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-450, MASS SPECTROMETRY. |
| [16] | "Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions." Mayya V., Lundgren D.H., Hwang S.-I., Rezaul K., Wu L., Eng J.K., Rodionov V., Han D.K. Sci. Signal. 2:RA46-RA46(2009) [PubMed: 19690332] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT SER-450; SER-469; SER-623; SER-638 AND SER-758, MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Leukemic T-cell. |
| [17] | "Ulk1-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK constitutes a negative regulatory feedback loop." Loffler A.S., Alers S., Dieterle A.M., Keppeler H., Franz-Wachtel M., Kundu M., Campbell D.G., Wesselborg S., Alessi D.R., Stork B. Autophagy 7:696-706(2011) [PubMed: 21460634] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION IN PHOSPHORYLATION OF AMPK. |
| [18] | "ULK1 inhibits the kinase activity of mTORC1 and cell proliferation." Jung C.H., Seo M., Otto N.M., Kim D.H. Autophagy 7:1212-1221(2011) [PubMed: 21795849] [Abstract] Cited for: FUNCTION, INTERACTION WITH RPTOR. |
| [19] | "Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy." Egan D.F., Shackelford D.B., Mihaylova M.M., Gelino S., Kohnz R.A., Mair W., Vasquez D.S., Joshi A., Gwinn D.M., Taylor R., Asara J.M., Fitzpatrick J., Dillin A., Viollet B., Kundu M., Hansen M., Shaw R.J. Science 331:456-461(2011) [PubMed: 21205641] [Abstract] Cited for: PHOSPHORYLATION BY AMPK. |
| [20] | "Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes." Greenman C., Stephens P., Smith R., Dalgliesh G.L., Hunter C., Bignell G., Davies H., Teague J., Butler A., Stevens C., Edkins S., O'Meara S., Vastrik I., Schmidt E.E., Avis T., Barthorpe S., Bhamra G., Buck G. Stratton M.R.Nature 446:153-158(2007) [PubMed: 17344846] [Abstract] Cited for: VARIANTS [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] MET-290; LEU-298; LEU-478; MET-503; LEU-665; LEU-714 AND CYS-784. |
| + | Additional computationally mapped references. |
Cross-references
Sequence databases | |
|---|---|
| EMBL GenBank DDBJ | AF045458 mRNA. Translation: AAC32326.1. AB018265 mRNA. Translation: BAA34442.2. Different initiation. AC131009 Genomic DNA. No translation available. |
| IPI | IPI00289357. |
| RefSeq | NP_003556.1. NM_003565.2. |
| UniGene | Hs.47061. |
3D structure databases | |
| ProteinModelPortal | O75385. |
| SMR | O75385. Positions 15-281. |
| ModBase | Search... |
Protein-protein interaction databases | |
| IntAct | O75385. 21 interactions. |
| MINT | MINT-1892187. |
| STRING | O75385. |
PTM databases | |
| PhosphoSite | O75385. |
Proteomic databases | |
| PRIDE | O75385. |
Protocols and materials databases | |
| StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase | Search... |
Genome annotation databases | |
| Ensembl | ENST00000321867; ENSP00000324560; ENSG00000177169. |
| GeneID | 8408. |
| KEGG | hsa:8408. |
| UCSC | uc001uje.1. human. |
Organism-specific databases | |
| CTD | 8408. |
| GeneCards | GC12P132379. |
| H-InvDB | HIX0019606. |
| HGNC | HGNC:12558. ULK1. |
| MIM | 603168. gene. |
| neXtProt | NX_O75385. |
| PharmGKB | PA37198. |
| HUGE | Search... |
| GenAtlas | Search... |
Phylogenomic databases | |
| eggNOG | prNOG07636. |
| GeneTree | ENSGT00570000078909. |
| HOGENOM | HBG446996. |
| HOVERGEN | HBG000342. |
| InParanoid | O75385. |
| OMA | LHSLRFT. |
| OrthoDB | EOG4NS39T. |
| PhylomeDB | O75385. |
Enzyme and pathway databases | |
| BRENDA | 2.7.11.1. 2681. |
Gene expression databases | |
| ArrayExpress | O75385. |
| Bgee | O75385. |
| CleanEx | HS_ULK1. |
| Genevestigator | O75385. |
| GermOnline | ENSG00000177169. Homo sapiens. |
Family and domain databases | |
| InterPro | IPR011009. Kinase-like_dom. IPR000719. Prot_kinase_cat_dom. IPR017441. Protein_kinase_ATP_BS. IPR017442. Se/Thr_kinase-like_dom. IPR016237. Ser/Thr_kin_STPK_Ulk-1/2. IPR008271. Ser/Thr_kinase_AS. IPR022708. Ser/Thr_kinase_C. IPR002290. Ser/Thr_kinase_dom. [Graphical view] |
| KO | K08269. |
| Pfam | PF12063. DUF3543. 1 hit. PF00069. Pkinase. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| PIRSF | PIRSF000580. Ser/Thr_PK_STPK_ULK-1/2. 1 hit. |
| SMART | SM00220. S_TKc. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| SUPFAM | SSF56112. Kinase_like. 1 hit. |
| PROSITE | PS00107. PROTEIN_KINASE_ATP. 1 hit. PS50011. PROTEIN_KINASE_DOM. 1 hit. PS00108. PROTEIN_KINASE_ST. 1 hit. [Graphical view] |
| ProtoNet | Search... |
Other | |
| NextBio | 31476. |
| SOURCE | Search... |
Entry information
| Entry name | ULK1_HUMAN | ||||||||
| Accession | Primary (citable) accession number: O75385 Secondary accession number(s): Q9UQ28 | ||||||||
| Entry history |
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| Entry status | Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) | ||||||||
| Annotation program | Chordata Protein Annotation Program | ||||||||
| Disclaimer | Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. | ||||||||
Relevant documents
| Human and mouse protein kinases Human and mouse protein kinases: classification and index |
| Human chromosome 12 Human chromosome 12: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM |
| Human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations List of human entries with polymorphisms or disease mutations |
| Human polymorphisms and disease mutations Index of human polymorphisms and disease mutations |
| MIM cross-references Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) cross-references in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot |
| SIMILARITY comments Index of protein domains and families |

Clusters with