O15488 (GLYG2_HUMAN) Reviewed, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Names and origin

Protein names

Recommended name:
Glycogenin-2
Short name=GN-2
Short name=GN2
EC=2.4.1.186

Gene names

Name:

GYG2

Organism

Homo sapiens (Human)

Taxonomic identifier

9606 [NCBI]

Taxonomic lineage

Eukaryota › Metazoa › Chordata › Craniata › Vertebrata › Euteleostomi › Mammalia › Eutheria › Euarchontoglires › Primates › Haplorrhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Homo

Protein attributes

Sequence length	501 AA.
Sequence status	Complete.
Protein existence	Evidence at protein level

General annotation (Comments)

Function	Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase.
Catalytic activity	UDP-alpha-D-glucose + glycogenin = UDP + alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin.
Cofactor	Divalent metal ions. Required for self-glucosylation. Manganese is the most effective.
Pathway	Glycan biosynthesis; glycogen biosynthesis.
Subunit structure	Homodimer, tightly complexed to glycogen synthase.
Tissue specificity	Expressed preferentially in liver, heart, and pancreas.
Post-translational modification	Self-glycosylated by the transfer of glucose residues from UDP-glucose to itself, forming an alpha-1,4-glycan of around 10 residues attached to Tyr-228. Ref.5
Sequence similarities	Belongs to the glycogenin family.
Mass spectrometry	Molecular mass is 55211.89 Da from positions 1 - 501. Determined by MALDI. Ref.6

Ontologies

Keywords
Biological process	Glycogen biosynthesis
Coding sequence diversity	Alternative splicing Polymorphism
Molecular function	Transferase
PTM	Glycoprotein
Technical term	Complete proteome Reference proteome
Gene Ontology (GO)
Biological process	glucose metabolic process Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome glycogen biosynthetic process Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome glycogen catabolic process Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome
Cellular component	cytosol Traceable author statement. Source: Reactome soluble fraction Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc
Molecular function	glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity Traceable author statement. Source: ProtInc
Complete GO annotation...

Alternative products

This entry describes 6 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. [Align] [Select]

Note: Additional isoforms seem to exist.

Isoform Alpha (identifier: O15488-1)

This isoform has been chosen as the 'canonical' sequence. All positional information in this entry refers to it. This is also the sequence that appears in the downloadable versions of the entry.

Isoform Beta (identifier: O15488-2)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     3-33: Missing.

Isoform Gamma (identifier: O15488-3)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     3-42: Missing.

Isoform Delta (identifier: O15488-4)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     378-448: Missing.

Isoform Epsilon (identifier: O15488-5)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     407-501: Missing.

Isoform Zeta (identifier: O15488-6)

The sequence of this isoform differs from the canonical sequence as follows:
     413-448: Missing.

Sequence annotation (Features)

	Feature key	Position(s)	Length	Description	Graphical view	Feature identifier
Molecule processing
	Chain	1 – 501	501	Glycogenin-2		PRO_0000215180
Sites
	Active site	119	1	By similarity
Amino acid modifications
	Glycosylation	228	1	O-linked (Glc...) Ref.5
Natural variations
	Alternative sequence	3 – 42	40	Missing in isoform Gamma.		VSP_001771
	Alternative sequence	3 – 33	31	Missing in isoform Beta.		VSP_001770
	Alternative sequence	378 – 448	71	Missing in isoform Delta.		VSP_001772
	Alternative sequence	407 – 501	95	Missing in isoform Epsilon.		VSP_001773
	Alternative sequence	413 – 448	36	Missing in isoform Zeta.		VSP_001774
	Natural variant	7	1	H → Y. Corresponds to variant rs11797037 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_053110
	Natural variant	194	1	G → R Found in a renal cell carcinoma case; somatic mutation. Ref.7		VAR_064717
	Natural variant	270	1	A → V. Corresponds to variant rs2306734 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_010401
	Natural variant	313	1	H → R. Ref.4 Corresponds to variant rs2306735 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_024457
	Natural variant	373	1	R → C. Corresponds to variant rs17330993 [ dbSNP | Ensembl ].		VAR_031224
Experimental info
	Mutagenesis	228	1	Y → F: Loss of activity.
	Mutagenesis	230	1	Y → F: No loss of activity.
	Sequence conflict	413	1	Missing in AAB84378. Ref.1
	Sequence conflict	462 – 464	3	EKV → AGI in AAB84376. Ref.1

Sequences

	Sequence		Length	Mass (Da)
	Isoform Alpha [UniParc]. Last modified March 20, 2007. Version 2. Checksum: 8488A09D6E564693	FASTA	501	55,184
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSETEFHHGA QAGLELLRSS NSPTSASQSA GMTVTDQAFV TLATNDIYCQ GALVLGQSLR 70 80 90 100 110 120 RHRLTRKLVV LITPQVSSLL RVILSKVFDE VIEVNLIDSA DYIHLAFLKR PELGLTLTKL 130 140 150 160 170 180 HCWTLTHYSK CVFLDADTLV LSNVDELFDR GEFSAAPDPG WPDCFNSGVF VFQPSLHTHK 190 200 210 220 230 240 LLLQHAMEHG SFDGADQGLL NSFFRNWSTT DIHKHLPFIY NLSSNTMYTY SPAFKQFGSS 250 260 270 280 290 300 AKVVHFLGSM KPWNYKYNPQ SGSVLEQGSA SSSQHQAAFL HLWWTVYQNN VLPLYKSVQA 310 320 330 340 350 360 GEARASPGHT LCHSDVGGPC ADSASGVGEP CENSTPSAGV PCANSPLGSN QPAQGLPEPT 370 380 390 400 410 420 QIVDETLSLP EGRRSEDMIA CPETETPAVI TCDPLSQPSP QPADFTETET ILQPANKVES 430 440 450 460 470 480 VSSEETFEPS QELPAEALRD PSLQDALEVD LAVSVSQISI EEKVKELSPE EERRKWEEGR 490 500 IDYMGKDAFA RIQEKLDRFL Q
	Isoform Beta [UniParc]. Checksum: B846651872D5D26E	FASTA	470	51,999
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSVTDQAFVT LATNDIYCQG ALVLGQSLRR HRLTRKLVVL ITPQVSSLLR VILSKVFDEV 70 80 90 100 110 120 IEVNLIDSAD YIHLAFLKRP ELGLTLTKLH CWTLTHYSKC VFLDADTLVL SNVDELFDRG 130 140 150 160 170 180 EFSAAPDPGW PDCFNSGVFV FQPSLHTHKL LLQHAMEHGS FDGADQGLLN SFFRNWSTTD 190 200 210 220 230 240 IHKHLPFIYN LSSNTMYTYS PAFKQFGSSA KVVHFLGSMK PWNYKYNPQS GSVLEQGSAS 250 260 270 280 290 300 SSQHQAAFLH LWWTVYQNNV LPLYKSVQAG EARASPGHTL CHSDVGGPCA DSASGVGEPC 310 320 330 340 350 360 ENSTPSAGVP CANSPLGSNQ PAQGLPEPTQ IVDETLSLPE GRRSEDMIAC PETETPAVIT 370 380 390 400 410 420 CDPLSQPSPQ PADFTETETI LQPANKVESV SSEETFEPSQ ELPAEALRDP SLQDALEVDL 430 440 450 460 470 AVSVSQISIE EKVKELSPEE ERRKWEEGRI DYMGKDAFAR IQEKLDRFLQ
	Isoform Gamma [UniParc]. Checksum: A04519016F2221BB	FASTA	461	51,024
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSATNDIYCQ GALVLGQSLR RHRLTRKLVV LITPQVSSLL RVILSKVFDE VIEVNLIDSA 70 80 90 100 110 120 DYIHLAFLKR PELGLTLTKL HCWTLTHYSK CVFLDADTLV LSNVDELFDR GEFSAAPDPG 130 140 150 160 170 180 WPDCFNSGVF VFQPSLHTHK LLLQHAMEHG SFDGADQGLL NSFFRNWSTT DIHKHLPFIY 190 200 210 220 230 240 NLSSNTMYTY SPAFKQFGSS AKVVHFLGSM KPWNYKYNPQ SGSVLEQGSA SSSQHQAAFL 250 260 270 280 290 300 HLWWTVYQNN VLPLYKSVQA GEARASPGHT LCHSDVGGPC ADSASGVGEP CENSTPSAGV 310 320 330 340 350 360 PCANSPLGSN QPAQGLPEPT QIVDETLSLP EGRRSEDMIA CPETETPAVI TCDPLSQPSP 370 380 390 400 410 420 QPADFTETET ILQPANKVES VSSEETFEPS QELPAEALRD PSLQDALEVD LAVSVSQISI 430 440 450 460 EEKVKELSPE EERRKWEEGR IDYMGKDAFA RIQEKLDRFL Q
	Isoform Delta [UniParc]. Checksum: 940F41982ACB1650	FASTA	430	47,530
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSETEFHHGA QAGLELLRSS NSPTSASQSA GMTVTDQAFV TLATNDIYCQ GALVLGQSLR 70 80 90 100 110 120 RHRLTRKLVV LITPQVSSLL RVILSKVFDE VIEVNLIDSA DYIHLAFLKR PELGLTLTKL 130 140 150 160 170 180 HCWTLTHYSK CVFLDADTLV LSNVDELFDR GEFSAAPDPG WPDCFNSGVF VFQPSLHTHK 190 200 210 220 230 240 LLLQHAMEHG SFDGADQGLL NSFFRNWSTT DIHKHLPFIY NLSSNTMYTY SPAFKQFGSS 250 260 270 280 290 300 AKVVHFLGSM KPWNYKYNPQ SGSVLEQGSA SSSQHQAAFL HLWWTVYQNN VLPLYKSVQA 310 320 330 340 350 360 GEARASPGHT LCHSDVGGPC ADSASGVGEP CENSTPSAGV PCANSPLGSN QPAQGLPEPT 370 380 390 400 410 420 QIVDETLSLP EGRRSEDVDL AVSVSQISIE EKVKELSPEE ERRKWEEGRI DYMGKDAFAR 430 IQEKLDRFLQ
	Isoform Epsilon [UniParc]. Checksum: 6370F23C7DC32423	FASTA	406	44,295
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSETEFHHGA QAGLELLRSS NSPTSASQSA GMTVTDQAFV TLATNDIYCQ GALVLGQSLR 70 80 90 100 110 120 RHRLTRKLVV LITPQVSSLL RVILSKVFDE VIEVNLIDSA DYIHLAFLKR PELGLTLTKL 130 140 150 160 170 180 HCWTLTHYSK CVFLDADTLV LSNVDELFDR GEFSAAPDPG WPDCFNSGVF VFQPSLHTHK 190 200 210 220 230 240 LLLQHAMEHG SFDGADQGLL NSFFRNWSTT DIHKHLPFIY NLSSNTMYTY SPAFKQFGSS 250 260 270 280 290 300 AKVVHFLGSM KPWNYKYNPQ SGSVLEQGSA SSSQHQAAFL HLWWTVYQNN VLPLYKSVQA 310 320 330 340 350 360 GEARASPGHT LCHSDVGGPC ADSASGVGEP CENSTPSAGV PCANSPLGSN QPAQGLPEPT 370 380 390 400 QIVDETLSLP EGRRSEDMIA CPETETPAVI TCDPLSQPSP QPADFT
	Isoform Zeta [UniParc]. Checksum: AB2B130A1FD5EA73	FASTA	465	51,260
	10 20 30 40 50 60 MSETEFHHGA QAGLELLRSS NSPTSASQSA GMTVTDQAFV TLATNDIYCQ GALVLGQSLR 70 80 90 100 110 120 RHRLTRKLVV LITPQVSSLL RVILSKVFDE VIEVNLIDSA DYIHLAFLKR PELGLTLTKL 130 140 150 160 170 180 HCWTLTHYSK CVFLDADTLV LSNVDELFDR GEFSAAPDPG WPDCFNSGVF VFQPSLHTHK 190 200 210 220 230 240 LLLQHAMEHG SFDGADQGLL NSFFRNWSTT DIHKHLPFIY NLSSNTMYTY SPAFKQFGSS 250 260 270 280 290 300 AKVVHFLGSM KPWNYKYNPQ SGSVLEQGSA SSSQHQAAFL HLWWTVYQNN VLPLYKSVQA 310 320 330 340 350 360 GEARASPGHT LCHSDVGGPC ADSASGVGEP CENSTPSAGV PCANSPLGSN QPAQGLPEPT 370 380 390 400 410 420 QIVDETLSLP EGRRSEDMIA CPETETPAVI TCDPLSQPSP QPADFTETET ILVDLAVSVS 430 440 450 460 QISIEEKVKE LSPEEERRKW EEGRIDYMGK DAFARIQEKL DRFLQ

References

	« Hide 'large scale' referencesShow 'large scale' references »
[1]	"Glycogenin-2, a novel self-glucosylating protein involved in liver glycogen biosynthesis." Mu J., Skurat A.V., Roach P.J. J. Biol. Chem. 272:27589-27597(1997) [PubMed: 9346895] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. Tissue: Liver.
[2]	"Structure and chromosomal localization of the human glycogenin-2 gene GYG2." Zhai L., Mu J., Zong H., DePaoli-Roach A.A., Roach P.J. Gene 242:229-235(2000) [PubMed: 10721716] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
[3]	"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome." Ross M.T., Grafham D.V., Coffey A.J., Scherer S., McLay K., Muzny D., Platzer M., Howell G.R., Burrows C., Bird C.P., Frankish A., Lovell F.L., Howe K.L., Ashurst J.L., Fulton R.S., Sudbrak R., Wen G., Jones M.C. , Hurles M.E., Andrews T.D., Scott C.E., Searle S., Ramser J., Whittaker A., Deadman R., Carter N.P., Hunt S.E., Chen R., Cree A., Gunaratne P., Havlak P., Hodgson A., Metzker M.L., Richards S., Scott G., Steffen D., Sodergren E., Wheeler D.A., Worley K.C., Ainscough R., Ambrose K.D., Ansari-Lari M.A., Aradhya S., Ashwell R.I., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Ballabio A., Banerjee R., Barker G.E., Barlow K.F., Barrett I.P., Bates K.N., Beare D.M., Beasley H., Beasley O., Beck A., Bethel G., Blechschmidt K., Brady N., Bray-Allen S., Bridgeman A.M., Brown A.J., Brown M.J., Bonnin D., Bruford E.A., Buhay C., Burch P., Burford D., Burgess J., Burrill W., Burton J., Bye J.M., Carder C., Carrel L., Chako J., Chapman J.C., Chavez D., Chen E., Chen G., Chen Y., Chen Z., Chinault C., Ciccodicola A., Clark S.Y., Clarke G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Clerc-Blankenburg K., Clifford K., Cobley V., Cole C.G., Conquer J.S., Corby N., Connor R.E., David R., Davies J., Davis C., Davis J., Delgado O., Deshazo D., Dhami P., Ding Y., Dinh H., Dodsworth S., Draper H., Dugan-Rocha S., Dunham A., Dunn M., Durbin K.J., Dutta I., Eades T., Ellwood M., Emery-Cohen A., Errington H., Evans K.L., Faulkner L., Francis F., Frankland J., Fraser A.E., Galgoczy P., Gilbert J., Gill R., Gloeckner G., Gregory S.G., Gribble S., Griffiths C., Grocock R., Gu Y., Gwilliam R., Hamilton C., Hart E.A., Hawes A., Heath P.D., Heitmann K., Hennig S., Hernandez J., Hinzmann B., Ho S., Hoffs M., Howden P.J., Huckle E.J., Hume J., Hunt P.J., Hunt A.R., Isherwood J., Jacob L., Johnson D., Jones S., de Jong P.J., Joseph S.S., Keenan S., Kelly S., Kershaw J.K., Khan Z., Kioschis P., Klages S., Knights A.J., Kosiura A., Kovar-Smith C., Laird G.K., Langford C., Lawlor S., Leversha M., Lewis L., Liu W., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Loulseged H., Loveland J.E., Lovell J.D., Lozado R., Lu J., Lyne R., Ma J., Maheshwari M., Matthews L.H., McDowall J., McLaren S., McMurray A., Meidl P., Meitinger T., Milne S., Miner G., Mistry S.L., Morgan M., Morris S., Mueller I., Mullikin J.C., Nguyen N., Nordsiek G., Nyakatura G., O'dell C.N., Okwuonu G., Palmer S., Pandian R., Parker D., Parrish J., Pasternak S., Patel D., Pearce A.V., Pearson D.M., Pelan S.E., Perez L., Porter K.M., Ramsey Y., Reichwald K., Rhodes S., Ridler K.A., Schlessinger D., Schueler M.G., Sehra H.K., Shaw-Smith C., Shen H., Sheridan E.M., Shownkeen R., Skuce C.D., Smith M.L., Sotheran E.C., Steingruber H.E., Steward C.A., Storey R., Swann R.M., Swarbreck D., Tabor P.E., Taudien S., Taylor T., Teague B., Thomas K., Thorpe A., Timms K., Tracey A., Trevanion S., Tromans A.C., d'Urso M., Verduzco D., Villasana D., Waldron L., Wall M., Wang Q., Warren J., Warry G.L., Wei X., West A., Whitehead S.L., Whiteley M.N., Wilkinson J.E., Willey D.L., Williams G., Williams L., Williamson A., Williamson H., Wilming L., Woodmansey R.L., Wray P.W., Yen J., Zhang J., Zhou J., Zoghbi H., Zorilla S., Buck D., Reinhardt R., Poustka A., Rosenthal A., Lehrach H., Meindl A., Minx P.J., Hillier L.W., Willard H.F., Wilson R.K., Waterston R.H., Rice C.M., Vaudin M., Coulson A., Nelson D.L., Weinstock G., Sulston J.E., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Gibbs R.A., Beck S., Rogers J., Bentley D.R. Nature 434:325-337(2005) [PubMed: 15772651] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
[4]	"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)." The MGC Project Team Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004) [PubMed: 15489334] [Abstract] Cited for: NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA] (ISOFORM BETA), VARIANT ARG-313. Tissue: Skin.
[5]	"Characterization of human glycogenin-2, a self-glucosylating initiator of liver glycogen metabolism." Mu J., Roach P.J. J. Biol. Chem. 273:34850-34856(1998) [PubMed: 9857012] [Abstract] Cited for: CHARACTERIZATION, GLYCOSYLATION AT TYR-228.
[6]	"Cluster analysis of an extensive human breast cancer cell line protein expression map database." Harris R.A., Yang A., Stein R.C., Lucy K., Brusten L., Herath A., Parekh R., Waterfield M.D., O'Hare M.J., Neville M.A., Page M.J., Zvelebil M.J. Proteomics 2:212-223(2002) [PubMed: 11840567] [Abstract] Cited for: MASS SPECTROMETRY. Tissue: Mammary cancer.
[7]	"Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma." Varela I., Tarpey P., Raine K., Huang D., Ong C.K., Stephens P., Davies H., Jones D., Lin M.L., Teague J., Bignell G., Butler A., Cho J., Dalgliesh G.L., Galappaththige D., Greenman C., Hardy C., Jia M. , Latimer C., Lau K.W., Marshall J., McLaren S., Menzies A., Mudie L., Stebbings L., Largaespada D.A., Wessels L.F.A., Richard S., Kahnoski R.J., Anema J., Tuveson D.A., Perez-Mancera P.A., Mustonen V., Fischer A., Adams D.J., Rust A., Chan-On W., Subimerb C., Dykema K., Furge K., Campbell P.J., Teh B.T., Stratton M.R., Futreal P.A. Nature 469:539-542(2011) [PubMed: 21248752] [Abstract] Cited for: VARIANT ARG-194.
+	Additional computationally mapped references.

Cross-references

Sequence databases
EMBL GenBank DDBJ	U94362 mRNA. Translation: AAB84377.1. U94363 mRNA. Translation: AAB84378.1. U94364 mRNA. Translation: AAB84379.1. U94357 mRNA. Translation: AAB84373.1. U94358 mRNA. Translation: AAB84374.1. U94360 mRNA. Translation: AAB84375.1. U94361 mRNA. Translation: AAB84376.1. AF179624 , AF179615, AF179616, AF179617, AF179618, AF179619, AF179620, AF179621, AF179622, AF179623 Genomic DNA. Translation: AAF61855.1. AC138085 Genomic DNA. No translation available. BC023152 mRNA. Translation: AAH23152.1.
IPI	IPI00006742. IPI00218983. IPI00218984. IPI00218985. IPI00218986. IPI00292838.
RefSeq	NP_001073324.1. NM_001079855.1. NP_001171631.1. NM_001184702.1. NP_001171632.1. NM_001184703.1. NP_001171633.1. NM_001184704.1. NP_003909.2. NM_003918.2.
UniGene	Hs.567381.
3D structure databases
ProteinModelPortal	O15488.
SMR	O15488. Positions 33-296.
ModBase	Search...
Protein-protein interaction databases
IntAct	O15488. 2 interactions.
MINT	MINT-5003813.
STRING	O15488.
Protein family/group databases
CAZy	GT8. Glycosyltransferase Family 8.
Proteomic databases
PRIDE	O15488.
Protocols and materials databases
StructuralBiologyKnowledgebase	Search...
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl	ENST00000381157; ENSP00000370549; ENSG00000056998. ENST00000381163; ENSP00000370555; ENSG00000056998.
GeneID	8908.
KEGG	hsa:8908.
UCSC	uc004cqs.1. human. uc004cqt.1. human. uc004cqw.1. human.
Organism-specific databases
CTD	8908.
GeneCards	GC0XP002740.
H-InvDB	HIX0016632.
HGNC	HGNC:4700. GYG2.
HPA	HPA005495.
MIM	300198. gene.
neXtProt	NX_O15488.
GenAtlas	Search...
Phylogenomic databases
eggNOG	prNOG08112.
GeneTree	ENSGT00390000004721.
HOGENOM	HBG445032.
HOVERGEN	HBG000681.
OMA	VSQISIE.
OrthoDB	EOG4PC9S0.
PhylomeDB	O15488.
Enzyme and pathway databases
BioCyc	MetaCyc:MONOMER-11753.
Reactome	REACT_474. Metabolism of carbohydrates.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress	O15488.
Bgee	O15488.
CleanEx	HS_GYG2.
Genevestigator	O15488.
GermOnline	ENSG00000056998. Homo sapiens.
Family and domain databases
InterPro	IPR002495. Glyco_trans_8. [Graphical view]
KO	K00750.
Pfam	PF01501. Glyco_transf_8. 1 hit. [Graphical view]
ProtoNet	Search...
Other
NextBio	33471.
SOURCE	Search...

Entry information

Entry name

GLYG2_HUMAN

Accession

Primary (citable) accession number: O15488
Secondary accession number(s): B7WNN6 , O15485, O15486, O15487, O15489, O15490

Entry history

Integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:	May 30, 2000
Last sequence update:	March 20, 2007
Last modified:	January 25, 2012
This is version 116 of the entry and version 2 of the sequence. [Complete history]

Entry status

Reviewed (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

Annotation program

Chordata Protein Annotation Program

Disclaimer

Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only. It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care.