ID FFAR1_HUMAN Reviewed; 300 AA. AC O14842; Q0VAS2; Q4VBL4; DT 15-JUL-1998, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. DT 01-JAN-1998, sequence version 1. DT 27-MAR-2024, entry version 174. DE RecName: Full=Free fatty acid receptor 1; DE AltName: Full=G-protein coupled receptor 40; GN Name=FFAR1; Synonyms=GPR40; OS Homo sapiens (Human). OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; OC Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; OC Homo. OX NCBI_TaxID=9606; RN [1] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA]. RX PubMed=9344866; DOI=10.1006/bbrc.1997.7513; RA Sawzdargo M., George S.R., Nguyen T., Xu S., Kolakowski L.F. Jr., RA O'Dowd B.F.; RT "A cluster of four novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes occurring RT in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239:543-547(1997). RN [2] RP NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], AND VARIANT HIS-211. RX PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; RG The MGC Project Team; RT "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: RT the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)."; RL Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004). RN [3] RP FUNCTION, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY. RX PubMed=12496284; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m211495200; RA Briscoe C.P., Tadayyon M., Andrews J.L., Benson W.G., Chambers J.K., RA Eilert M.M., Ellis C., Elshourbagy N.A., Goetz A.S., Minnick D.T., RA Murdock P.R., Sauls H.R. Jr., Shabon U., Spinage L.D., Strum J.C., RA Szekeres P.G., Tan K.B., Way J.M., Ignar D.M., Wilson S., Muir A.I.; RT "The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and RT long-chain fatty acids."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 278:11303-11311(2003). RN [4] RP TISSUE SPECIFICITY. RX PubMed=16289108; DOI=10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.161; RA Tomita T., Masuzaki H., Noguchi M., Iwakura H., Fujikura J., Tanaka T., RA Ebihara K., Kawamura J., Komoto I., Kawaguchi Y., Fujimoto K., Doi R., RA Shimada Y., Hosoda K., Imamura M., Nakao K.; RT "GPR40 gene expression in human pancreas and insulinoma."; RL Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338:1788-1790(2005). RN [5] RP FUNCTION, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, AND MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-12; TYR-91; HIS-137; RP ARG-183; TYR-240; ASN-244 AND ARG-258. RX PubMed=17699519; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m705077200; RA Sum C.S., Tikhonova I.G., Neumann S., Engel S., Raaka B.M., Costanzi S., RA Gershengorn M.C.; RT "Identification of residues important for agonist recognition and RT activation in GPR40."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 282:29248-29255(2007). RN [6] RP FUNCTION, MUTAGENESIS OF GLU-145 AND GLU-172, AND SITE. RX PubMed=19068482; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m806987200; RA Sum C.S., Tikhonova I.G., Costanzi S., Gershengorn M.C.; RT "Two arginine-glutamate ionic locks near the extracellular surface of FFAR1 RT gate receptor activation."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 284:3529-3536(2009). RN [7] RP FUNCTION, AND ACTIVITY REGULATION. RX PubMed=21570468; DOI=10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.020; RA Kruska N., Reiser G.; RT "Phytanic acid and pristanic acid, branched-chain fatty acids associated RT with Refsum disease and other inherited peroxisomal disorders, mediate RT intracellular Ca2+ signaling through activation of free fatty acid receptor RT GPR40."; RL Neurobiol. Dis. 43:465-472(2011). RN [8] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=23809162; DOI=10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.015; RA Yan Y., Jiang W., Spinetti T., Tardivel A., Castillo R., Bourquin C., RA Guarda G., Tian Z., Tschopp J., Zhou R.; RT "Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through RT inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation."; RL Immunity 38:1154-1163(2013). RN [9] RP FUNCTION, AND ACTIVITY REGULATION. RX PubMed=24130766; DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0076280; RA Yabuki C., Komatsu H., Tsujihata Y., Maeda R., Ito R., Matsuda-Nagasumi K., RA Sakuma K., Miyawaki K., Kikuchi N., Takeuchi K., Habata Y., Mori M.; RT "A novel antidiabetic drug, fasiglifam/TAK-875, acts as an ago-allosteric RT modulator of FFAR1."; RL PLoS ONE 8:E76280-E76280(2013). RN [10] RP FUNCTION. RX PubMed=24742677; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m114.568683; RA Suckow A.T., Polidori D., Yan W., Chon S., Ma J.Y., Leonard J., RA Briscoe C.P.; RT "Alteration of the glucagon axis in GPR120 (FFAR4) knockout mice: a role RT for GPR120 in glucagon secretion."; RL J. Biol. Chem. 289:15751-15763(2014). RN [11] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.33 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-211 AND 214-300 IN COMPLEX WITH RP THE AGONIST TAK-875, AGONIST BINDING SITES, SUBCELLULAR LOCATION, TOPOLOGY, RP DISULFIDE BOND, AND MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-91; ARG-183; TYR-240; ASN-244 AND RP ARG-258. RX PubMed=25043059; DOI=10.1038/nature13494; RA Srivastava A., Yano J., Hirozane Y., Kefala G., Gruswitz F., Snell G., RA Lane W., Ivetac A., Aertgeerts K., Nguyen J., Jennings A., Okada K.; RT "High-resolution structure of the human GPR40 receptor bound to allosteric RT agonist TAK-875."; RL Nature 513:124-127(2014). RN [12] RP X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.76 ANGSTROMS) OF 1-211 AND 214-300, AND RP MUTAGENESIS OF TYR-44; TYR-114 AND SER-123. RX PubMed=29695780; DOI=10.1038/s41467-017-01240-w; RA Ho J.D., Chau B., Rodgers L., Lu F., Wilbur K.L., Otto K.A., Chen Y., RA Song M., Riley J.P., Yang H.C., Reynolds N.A., Kahl S.D., Lewis A.P., RA Groshong C., Madsen R.E., Conners K., Lineswala J.P., Gheyi T., RA Saflor M.D., Lee M.R., Benach J., Baker K.A., Montrose-Rafizadeh C., RA Genin M.J., Miller A.R., Hamdouchi C.; RT "Structural basis for GPR40 allosteric agonism and incretin stimulation."; RL Nat. Commun. 9:1645-1645(2018). CC -!- FUNCTION: G-protein coupled receptor for medium and long chain CC saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that plays an important role in CC glucose homeostasis. Fatty acid binding increases glucose-stimulated CC insulin secretion, and may also enhance the secretion of glucagon-like CC peptide 1 (GLP-1). May also play a role in bone homeostasis; receptor CC signaling activates pathways that inhibit osteoclast differentiation CC (By similarity). Ligand binding leads to a conformation change that CC triggers signaling via G-proteins that activate phospholipase C, CC leading to an increase of the intracellular calcium concentration. CC Seems to act through a G(q) and G(i)-mediated pathway. Mediates the CC anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids CC (PUFAs) via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CC {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:Q76JU9, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12496284, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23809162, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:24130766, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24742677}. CC -!- ACTIVITY REGULATION: The receptor is strongly activated by gamma- CC linolenic acid, while myristate gives a lower response. It is also CC activated by phytanic acid and pristanic acid (PubMed:21570468). Is CC also activated by synthetic agonists, such as TAK-875 (fasiglifam); CC this compound is a partial agonist and potentiates the activity of the CC endogenous ligand gamma-linolenic acid (PubMed:24130766). CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21570468, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24130766}. CC -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cell membrane {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059}; Multi-pass membrane protein CC {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059}. CC -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Detected in brain and pancreas. Detected in CC pancreatic beta cells. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12496284, CC ECO:0000269|PubMed:16289108}. CC -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. CC {ECO:0000255|PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00521}. CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms CC Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License CC --------------------------------------------------------------------------- DR EMBL; AF024687; AAB86710.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; BC095536; AAH95536.1; -; mRNA. DR EMBL; BC120944; AAI20945.1; -; mRNA. DR CCDS; CCDS12458.1; -. DR PIR; JC5714; JC5714. DR RefSeq; NP_005294.1; NM_005303.2. DR PDB; 4PHU; X-ray; 2.33 A; A=1-211, A=214-300. DR PDB; 5KW2; X-ray; 2.76 A; A=1-211, A=214-300. DR PDB; 5TZR; X-ray; 2.20 A; A=1-211, A=214-300. DR PDB; 5TZY; X-ray; 3.22 A; A=1-211, A=214-300. DR PDB; 8EIT; EM; 2.80 A; R=2-300. DR PDB; 8EJC; EM; 3.00 A; R=2-300. DR PDB; 8EJK; EM; 3.40 A; R=2-300. DR PDBsum; 4PHU; -. DR PDBsum; 5KW2; -. DR PDBsum; 5TZR; -. DR PDBsum; 5TZY; -. DR PDBsum; 8EIT; -. DR PDBsum; 8EJC; -. DR PDBsum; 8EJK; -. DR AlphaFoldDB; O14842; -. DR SMR; O14842; -. DR BioGRID; 109122; 268. DR STRING; 9606.ENSP00000246553; -. DR BindingDB; O14842; -. DR ChEMBL; CHEMBL4422; -. DR DrugBank; DB00159; Icosapent. DR DrugCentral; O14842; -. DR GuidetoPHARMACOLOGY; 225; -. DR SwissLipids; SLP:000001550; -. DR TCDB; 9.A.14.13.30; the g-protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) family. DR GlyCosmos; O14842; 1 site, No reported glycans. DR GlyGen; O14842; 1 site. DR iPTMnet; O14842; -. DR PhosphoSitePlus; O14842; -. DR BioMuta; FFAR1; -. DR PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000246553; -. DR PeptideAtlas; O14842; -. DR ProteomicsDB; 48273; -. DR TopDownProteomics; O14842; -. DR Antibodypedia; 15908; 362 antibodies from 35 providers. DR DNASU; 2864; -. DR Ensembl; ENST00000246553.4; ENSP00000246553.2; ENSG00000126266.4. DR GeneID; 2864; -. DR KEGG; hsa:2864; -. DR MANE-Select; ENST00000246553.4; ENSP00000246553.2; NM_005303.3; NP_005294.1. DR UCSC; uc002nzc.3; human. DR AGR; HGNC:4498; -. DR CTD; 2864; -. DR DisGeNET; 2864; -. DR GeneCards; FFAR1; -. DR HGNC; HGNC:4498; FFAR1. DR HPA; ENSG00000126266; Group enriched (bone marrow, brain, ovary, pancreas). DR MIM; 603820; gene. DR neXtProt; NX_O14842; -. DR OpenTargets; ENSG00000126266; -. DR PharmGKB; PA28887; -. DR VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000126266; -. DR eggNOG; ENOG502QVCS; Eukaryota. DR GeneTree; ENSGT00990000203619; -. DR HOGENOM; CLU_009579_8_4_1; -. DR InParanoid; O14842; -. DR OMA; GGCWRKL; -. DR OrthoDB; 5260156at2759; -. DR PhylomeDB; O14842; -. DR TreeFam; TF350010; -. DR PathwayCommons; O14842; -. DR Reactome; R-HSA-381771; Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). DR Reactome; R-HSA-400511; Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP). DR Reactome; R-HSA-416476; G alpha (q) signalling events. DR Reactome; R-HSA-434316; Fatty Acids bound to GPR40 (FFAR1) regulate insulin secretion. DR Reactome; R-HSA-444209; Free fatty acid receptors. DR SignaLink; O14842; -. DR SIGNOR; O14842; -. DR BioGRID-ORCS; 2864; 18 hits in 1152 CRISPR screens. DR GeneWiki; Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1; -. DR GenomeRNAi; 2864; -. DR Pharos; O14842; Tchem. DR PRO; PR:O14842; -. DR Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 19. DR RNAct; O14842; Protein. DR Bgee; ENSG00000126266; Expressed in islet of Langerhans and 47 other cell types or tissues. DR GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0045125; F:bioactive lipid receptor activity; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0004930; F:G protein-coupled receptor activity; TAS:ProtInc. DR GO; GO:0008289; F:lipid binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW. DR GO; GO:0007186; P:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0042593; P:glucose homeostasis; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0030073; P:insulin secretion; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0099105; P:ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:1990806; P:ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0032691; P:negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production; IMP:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0007200; P:phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; IEA:Ensembl. DR GO; GO:0051928; P:positive regulation of calcium ion transport; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0007204; P:positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; IDA:UniProtKB. DR GO; GO:0032024; P:positive regulation of insulin secretion; IBA:GO_Central. DR GO; GO:0070542; P:response to fatty acid; IDA:UniProtKB. DR CDD; cd15169; 7tmA_FFAR1; 1. DR Gene3D; 1.20.1070.10; Rhodopsin 7-helix transmembrane proteins; 1. DR InterPro; IPR000276; GPCR_Rhodpsn. DR InterPro; IPR017452; GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM. DR InterPro; IPR013312; GPR40-rel_orph. DR InterPro; IPR013313; GPR40_recept_FA. DR PANTHER; PTHR45822:SF4; FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR 1; 1. DR PANTHER; PTHR45822; FREE FATTY ACID RECEPTOR 2-RELATED; 1. DR Pfam; PF00001; 7tm_1; 1. DR PRINTS; PR01905; FATTYACIDR. DR PRINTS; PR00237; GPCRRHODOPSN. DR PRINTS; PR01904; GPR40FAMILY. DR SUPFAM; SSF81321; Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like; 1. DR PROSITE; PS50262; G_PROTEIN_RECEP_F1_2; 1. DR Genevisible; O14842; HS. PE 1: Evidence at protein level; KW 3D-structure; Cell membrane; Disulfide bond; G-protein coupled receptor; KW Glycoprotein; Lipid-binding; Membrane; Receptor; Reference proteome; KW Transducer; Transmembrane; Transmembrane helix. FT CHAIN 1..300 FT /note="Free fatty acid receptor 1" FT /id="PRO_0000069567" FT TOPO_DOM 1..8 FT /note="Extracellular" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 9..31 FT /note="Helical; Name=1" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 32..41 FT /note="Cytoplasmic" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 42..64 FT /note="Helical; Name=2" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 65..79 FT /note="Extracellular" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 80..101 FT /note="Helical; Name=3" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 102..121 FT /note="Cytoplasmic" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 122..142 FT /note="Helical; Name=4" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 143..178 FT /note="Extracellular" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 179..200 FT /note="Helical; Name=5" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 201..223 FT /note="Cytoplasmic" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 224..248 FT /note="Helical; Name=6" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 249..256 FT /note="Extracellular" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TRANSMEM 257..279 FT /note="Helical; Name=7" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT TOPO_DOM 280..300 FT /note="Cytoplasmic" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT SITE 145 FT /note="Important for receptor activation" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19068482" FT SITE 172 FT /note="Important for receptor activation" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19068482" FT CARBOHYD 155 FT /note="N-linked (GlcNAc...) asparagine" FT /evidence="ECO:0000255" FT DISULFID 79..170 FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT VARIANT 211 FT /note="R -> H (in dbSNP:rs2301151)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:15489334" FT /id="VAR_020076" FT MUTAGEN 12 FT /note="Y->A: Reduces cell surface expression and response FT to linolenic acid and synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519" FT MUTAGEN 44 FT /note="Y->F: Reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:29695780" FT MUTAGEN 91 FT /note="Y->A: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Reduces FT response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 114 FT /note="Y->F: Reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:29695780" FT MUTAGEN 123 FT /note="S->A: Reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:29695780" FT MUTAGEN 137 FT /note="H->A: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Reduces FT response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 145 FT /note="E->A: Constitutive receptor signaling." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19068482" FT MUTAGEN 172 FT /note="E->A: Constitutive receptor signaling." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:19068482" FT MUTAGEN 183 FT /note="R->A: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Strongly FT reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 240 FT /note="Y->A: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Reduces FT response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 244 FT /note="N->A: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Reduces FT response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 258 FT /note="R->A: Strongly reduces response to linolenic acid. FT Strongly reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519, FT ECO:0000269|PubMed:25043059" FT MUTAGEN 258 FT /note="R->K: Reduces response to linolenic acid. Strongly FT reduces response to synthetic agonists." FT /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:17699519" FT CONFLICT 24 FT /note="V -> A (in Ref. 2; AAH95536)" FT /evidence="ECO:0000305" FT HELIX 5..36 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 40..67 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT TURN 68..70 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 76..78 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 79..109 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 111..117 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5KW2" FT HELIX 121..145 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT STRAND 149..151 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT STRAND 169..171 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 176..190 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 192..211 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 214..235 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 237..249 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 256..266 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" FT HELIX 268..275 FT /evidence="ECO:0007829|PDB:5TZR" SQ SEQUENCE 300 AA; 31457 MW; 77EF27DACD93E80B CRC64; MDLPPQLSFG LYVAAFALGF PLNVLAIRGA TAHARLRLTP SLVYALNLGC SDLLLTVSLP LKAVEALASG AWPLPASLCP VFAVAHFFPL YAGGGFLAAL SAGRYLGAAF PLGYQAFRRP CYSWGVCAAI WALVLCHLGL VFGLEAPGGW LDHSNTSLGI NTPVNGSPVC LEAWDPASAG PARFSLSLLL FFLPLAITAF CYVGCLRALA RSGLTHRRKL RAAWVAGGAL LTLLLCVGPY NASNVASFLY PNLGGSWRKL GLITGAWSVV LNPLVTGYLG RGPGLKTVCA ARTQGGKSQK //