subcell.txt
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UniProt - Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB); Geneva, Switzerland
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI); Hinxton, United Kingdom
Protein Information Resource (PIR); Washington DC, USA
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Description: Controlled vocabulary of subcellular locations and membrane
topologies and orientations
Name: subcell.txt
Release: 57.5 of 07-Jul-2009
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This document lists the UniProtKB controlled vocabulary used for the
subcellular locations (including the membrane topologies and orientations
terms) in the SUBCELLULAR LOCATION lines.
It provides definitions of the terms as well as other relevant information
in the following format:
--------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Line code Content Occurrence in an entry
--------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
ID Identifier (location) Once; starts an entry
IT Identifier (topology) Once; starts a 'topology' entry
IO Identifier (orientation) Once; starts an 'orientation' entry
AC Accession (SL-xxxx) Once
DE Definition Once or more
SY Synonyms Optional; Once or more
SL Content of subc. loc. lines Once
HI Hierarchy ('is-a') Optional; Once or more
HP Hierarchy ('part-of') Optional; Once or more
KW Associated keyword (accession) Optional; Once or more
GO Gene ontology (GO) mapping Optional; Once or more
WW Interesting links or references Optional; Once or more
// Terminator Once; ends an entry
______________________________________________________________________________
ID Acidocalcisome.
AC SL-0002
DE The acidocalcisome is an electron-dense acidic organelle which
DE contains a matrix of pyrophosphate and polyphosphates with bound
DE calcium and other cations. Its limiting membrane possesses a number of
DE pumps and exchangers for the uptake and release of these elements. The
DE acidocalcisome does not belong to the endocytic pathway and may
DE represent a branch of the secretory pathway in trypanosomatids and
DE apicomplexan parasites. The acidocalcisome is possibly involved in
DE polyphosphate and cation storage and in adaptation of these
DE microoganisms to environmental stress.
SL Acidocalcisome.
GO GO:0020022; acidocalcisome
WW [Pubmed: 15738951] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Acidocalcisome lumen.
AC SL-0316
DE The acidocalcisome compartment bounded by the acidocalcisomal membrane.
SY Acidocalcisomal lumen.
SL Acidocalcisome lumen.
HP Acidocalcisome.
//
ID Acidocalcisome membrane.
AC SL-0003
DE The membrane of an acidocalcisome.
SY Acidocalcisomal membrane.
SL Acidocalcisome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Acidocalcisome.
GO GO:0033102; acidocalcisome membrane
//
ID Acrosome.
AC SL-0007
DE The acrosome is a large lysosome-like vesicle overlying the sperm
DE nucleus. This spermatid specific organelle, derived from the Golgi
DE during spermatogenesis, contains both unique acrosomal enzymes and
DE common enzymes associated with lysosomes in somatic cells. Only sperm
DE that have undergone the acrosome reaction can fuse with egg plasma
DE membrane. The acrosome reaction is characterized by multiple fusions
DE of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane.
SY Acrosomal vesicle.
SL Acrosome.
GO GO:0001669; acrosome
//
ID Acrosome inner membrane.
AC SL-0004
DE The inner membrane of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal inner membrane; Inner acrosomal membrane.
SL Acrosome inner membrane.
HI Acrosome membrane.
GO GO:0002079; inner acrosomal membrane
//
ID Acrosome lumen.
AC SL-0005
DE The lumen of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal lumen.
SL Acrosome lumen.
HP Acrosome.
GO GO:0043160; acrosomal lumen
//
ID Acrosome membrane.
AC SL-0006
DE The membrane of the acrosome.
SY Acrosomal membrane.
SL Acrosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Acrosome.
//
ID Actin patch.
AC SL-0008
DE The actin patch is a highly dynamic actin structure required primarily
DE for endocytosis but possibly also coupled to exocytosis. Actin patches
DE are highly motile, they first assemble at sites of polarized cell
DE growth and then move slowly and nondirectionally along the cell
DE cortex.
SY Actin cortical patch.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, actin patch.
HP Cytoskeleton.
GO GO:0030479; actin cortical patch
//
ID Adherens junction.
AC SL-0009
DE The adherens junction is an adhesion complex that localizes close to
DE the apical membrane in epithelial cells. These jonctions join the
DE actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane to form adhesive contacts
DE between cells or between cells and extracellular matrix. AJs mediate
DE both cell adhesion and signaling.
SY AJ; Zonula adherens; ZA.
SL Cell junction, adherens junction.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0005912; adherens junction
//
ID Aleurone grain.
AC SL-0010
DE The aleurone grain (protein body), is a specialized dry vacuole where
DE storage proteins accumulate in a stable form in seeds, usually in the
DE endosperm. Cells containing aleurones form the aleurone layer. These
DE act as a source of amino acids for various synthetic activities during
DE germination, but also represent immensely important nutritional
DE sources for humans and ruminants. In most seeds, the aleuron grains
DE contain three morphologically distinct regions: the matrix,
DE crystalloid, and globoid.
SY Protein body.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0033095; aleurone grain
//
ID Aleurone grain lumen.
AC SL-0317
DE The aleurone grain compartment bounded by the aleurone grain membrane.
SY Protein body lumen.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Aleurone grain.
//
ID Aleurone grain membrane.
AC SL-0011
DE The membrane of an aleurone grain.
SY Protein body membrane.
SL Vacuole, aleurone grain membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Aleurone grain.
GO GO:0032578; aleurone grain membrane
//
ID Amyloplast.
AC SL-0012
DE The amyloplast is a colorless plant plastid that forms and stores
DE starch. Amyloplasts are found in many tissues, particularly in storage
DE tissues. They are found in both photosynthetic and parasitic plants,
DE i.e. even in plants that are not capable of photosynthesis. Many
DE amyloplast proteins are also expressed in photosynthetic tissue.
SL Plastid, amyloplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0035
GO GO:0009501; amyloplast
//
ID Amyloplast inner membrane.
AC SL-0013
DE The inner membrane of an amyloplast.
SY Inner amyloplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, amyloplast inner membrane.
HI Amyloplast membrane.
HI Plastid inner membrane.
GO GO:0033098; amyloplast inner membrane
//
ID Amyloplast membrane.
AC SL-0014
DE The membrane surrounding the amyloplast. Also used when it is not
DE clear in which amyloplast membrane a protein is found.
SL Plastid, amyloplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Amyloplast.
GO GO:0033097; amyloplast membrane
//
ID Apical cell membrane.
AC SL-0015
DE The fraction of the cell membrane at the apical end of the cell, which
DE faces the outside world or the lumen of the cavity.
SY Apical plasma membrane.
SL Apical cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016324; apical plasma membrane
//
ID Apical lamina.
AC SL-0016
DE In the sea urchin embryos the apical lamina is a fibrous meshwork that
DE remains after removal of hyalin from the hyalin layer.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, apical lamina.
HI Extracellular matrix.
//
ID Apicolateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0017
DE The fraction of the cell membrane at the apical end of the lateral
DE plasma membrane of the cell.
SY Apicolateral plasma membrane.
SL Apicolateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016327; apicolateral plasma membrane
//
ID Apicoplast.
AC SL-0018
DE The apicoplast is a plastid found in some apicocomplexan parasites
DE which is a non-photosynthetic plastid relict. Apicoplasts do not
DE contain thylakoids; it is not yet clear if they contain internal
DE membranes.
SY Golgi-adjunct organelle; Thick-walled organelle.
SL Plastid, apicoplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0933
GO GO:0020011; apicoplast
//
ID Apoplast.
AC SL-0019
DE The apoplast is the "non-living" extracellular space that surrounds
DE the symplast. It consists of cell walls and spaces between cells.
DE Water and solutes can move freely in this framework, except at the
DE endodermis in roots and stems where the apoplastic flow of ions is
DE interrupted by the Casparian strip, forcing water to flow to symplast.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, apoplast.
HI Extracellular space.
KW KW-0052
GO GO:0048046; apoplast
//
ID Archaeal flagellum.
AC SL-0306
DE The flagellum of Archaea is a long hair-like cell surface appendage
DE made of polymerized flagellin with an attached hook. This rotating
DE structure with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium. The
DE archaeal flagellum is distinct from its bacterial equivalent in terms
DE of architecture, composition and mechanism of assembly. Thinner (10-15
DE nm) compared to the bacterial flagellum (18-24 nm), it is usually
DE composed of several types of flagellins and is glycosylated.
SY Archaeal flagella; Archaeal flagellar apparatus.
SL Archaeal flagellum.
KW KW-0974
//
ID Attachment organelle.
AC SL-0020
DE The attachment organelle is a multifunctional polar structure found in
DE several Mycoplasma species. This large and complex cell extension,
DE whose predicted mass is greater than that of a vertebrate nuclear pore
DE complex, is essential for adherence to host cells, is involved in
DE gliding motility, and is associated with cell division.
SY Terminal organelle.
SL Cell projection, attachment organelle.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0033099; attachment organelle
//
ID Attachment organelle membrane.
AC SL-0021
DE The membrane surrounding the attachment organelle.
SY Terminal organelle membrane.
SL Cell projection, attachment organelle membrane.
HP Attachment organelle.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0033111; attachment organelle membrane
//
ID Autophagosome.
AC SL-0023
DE The autophagosome is a double membrane vesicle involved in the
DE degradation of long-lived proteins, unnecessary or damaged organelles
DE as well as other cellular constituents such as lipids or
DE carbohydrates. Crescent-shape isolation membranes or phagophores can
DE sequester cytoplasm and organelles giving rise to autophagosomes. The
DE outer membrane of the autophagosomes then fuse with vacuoles and/or
DE lysosomes and the inner membrane vesicles (termed autophagic bodies)
DE are released into the vacuole/lysosome lumen. These vesicles are then
DE lysed and the contents are degraded by resident hydrolases.
SY Autophagic vacuole.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0005776; autophagic vacuole
//
ID Autophagosome lumen.
AC SL-0318
DE The autophagosomal compartment bounded by the autophagosomal membrane.
SY Autophagosomal lumen; Autophagic vacuolar lumen; Autophagic vacuole lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Autophagosome.
//
ID Autophagosome membrane.
AC SL-0022
DE The membrane surrounding the autophagosome.
SY Autophagosomal membrane; Autophagic vacuolar membrane; Autophagic vacuole membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, autophagosome membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Autophagosome.
GO GO:0000421; autophagic vacuole membrane
//
ID Axon.
AC SL-0279
DE The axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses,
DE usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities,
DE which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
SL Cell projection, axon.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030424; axon
//
ID Bacterial flagellum.
AC SL-0307
DE The flagellum of Bacteria is a long hair-like cell surface appendage.
DE The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of
DE polymerized flagellin (the propeller), the hook-like structure near
DE the cell surface (the universal joint) and the basal body (the engine)
DE which is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell envelope.
DE The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like filament to the cell
DE surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure whose switches propels
DE the cell through a liquid medium.
SY Bacterial flagella; Bacterial flagellar apparatus.
SL Bacterial flagellum.
KW KW-0975
//
ID Bacterial flagellum basal body.
AC SL-0142
DE The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings
DE embedded in the cell envelope. Gram-negative flagella usually have an
DE L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane, a
DE periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the
DE flagellar rod and a MS ring that is located within and above the
DE cytoplasmic membrane. A C ring extends into the cytoplasm. The rod is
DE a major component of the flagellar basal body and it spans the
DE bacterial periplasm. The L and P rings are not found in Gram-positive
DE bacteria.
SY Bacterial flagellar basal body; Bacterial flagellar motor; Bacterial flagellar kinetosome.
SL Bacterial flagellum basal body.
HP Bacterial flagellum.
//
ID Bacterial flagellum hook.
AC SL-0357
DE The hook of a bacterial flagellum connects the basal body and the
DE filament and acts as a universal joint. This flexible hinge relays
DE the energy generated by the motor into torque formation that is
DE transferred onto the rigid filament.
SY Bacterial flagella hook; Bacterial flagellar hook.
SL Bacterial flagellum hook.
HP Bacterial flagellum.
//
ID Bacterial flagellum filament.
AC SL-0358
DE The bacterial flagellar filament is made of polymerized flagellin.
SY Bacterial flagella filament; Bacterial flagellar filament.
SL Bacterial flagellum filament.
HP Bacterial flagellum.
//
ID Basal cell membrane.
AC SL-0024
DE The basal cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane at the
DE basal side of the cell, which faces the underlying connective tissue.
SY Basal plasma membrane.
SL Basal cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0009925; basal plasma membrane
//
ID Basement membrane.
AC SL-0025
DE The basement membrane is a highly specialized extracellular matrix
DE structure undelying the basal surface of cells exhibiting polarity
DE (epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial cells) and surrounding
DE certain cell types such as muscle, adipose and Schwann cells.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, basement membrane.
HI Extracellular matrix.
KW KW-0084
GO GO:0005604; basement membrane
//
ID Basolateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0026
DE The basolateral cell membrane is the fraction of the plasma membrane
DE at the basolateral side of the cell, which faces adjacent cells and
DE the underlying connective tissue.
SY Basolateral plasma membrane.
SL Basolateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0016323; basolateral plasma membrane
//
ID Bud.
AC SL-0027
DE A growing bud is an asexual reproductive structure, as in yeast or a
DE hydra, that consists of an outgrowth capable of developing into a new
DE individual.
SY Growing bud.
SL Bud.
GO GO:0005933; cellular bud
//
ID Bud membrane.
AC SL-0028
DE The membrane surrounding a bud.
SY Cellular bud membrane.
SL Bud membrane.
HP Bud.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0033101; cellular bud membrane
//
ID Bud neck.
AC SL-0029
DE The bud neck is a constriction between the mother and the daughter
DE cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding. This structure
DE comprises the septin ring, an hourglass-shaped collar around the
DE mother-bud neck, which splits into two rings flanking the division
DE plane at cytokinesis and that acts as a diffusion barrier to maintain
DE polarity factors in the bud and as a scaffold to recruit actomyosin
DE contractile ring components.
SY Cellular bud neck.
SL Bud neck.
HP Bud.
GO GO:0005935; cellular bud neck
//
ID Bud tip.
AC SL-0030
DE The bud tip is the distal tip of the bud opposite to the site of
DE attachment to the mother cell.
SY Cellular bud tip.
SL Bud tip.
HP Bud.
GO GO:0005934; cellular bud tip
//
ID Cajal body.
AC SL-0031
DE The nuclear Cajal bodies (CBs) are small subnuclear membraneless
DE organelles present either free in the nucleoplasm and/or physically
DE associated to specific regions of chromatin. CBs contain newly
DE assembled small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and small
DE nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) particles, which are involved
DE in pre-mRNA splicing and in ribosomal RNA processing, respectively.
DE Mammalian nucleus in interphase, show 2-6 CBs, as irregular, punctuate
DE structures, which vary in size and shape and which are often
DE juxtaposed to nucleoli. At the electronic-microscope level, they are
DE composed of heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with
DE diameters ranging from 20-25 nm and are called coiled body. Structures
DE similar to CBs have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus
DE (called sphere organelles) and in insect (called endobodies). CBs are
DE motile and dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-protein
DE components can cycle continuously between CBs and other nuclear
DE locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell.
SY Cajal bodies; Coiled body; Endobodies; Nucleolar accessory bodies; Sphere organelles.
SL Nucleus, Cajal body.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0015030; Cajal body
//
ID Calyx.
AC SL-0032
DE The calyx is a large cytoskeletal component of the perinuclear theca
DE of the mammalian sperm head.
SY Calyces; Cytoskeletal calyx.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, perinuclear theca, calyx.
HP Perinuclear theca.
GO GO:0033150; cytoskeletal calyx
//
ID Capsule.
AC SL-0033
DE The capsule is a protective structure surrounding some bacteria or
DE fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer of material, usually
DE polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall possibly via covalent
DE attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A molecules. It has
DE several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or
DE interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a
DE defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve.
DE Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates with
DE pathogenicity. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies
DE outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides.
DE It protects the cell from different environmental dangers such as
DE phagocytosis, dessication, etc.
SL Secreted, capsule.
HP Cell envelope.
HP Secreted.
GO GO:0042603; capsule
//
ID Carboxysome.
AC SL-0034
DE The carboxysome is a small polyhedral inclusion body containing
DE several polypeptides surrounded by a thin protein coat. They are
DE cytoplasmic in cyanobacteria and are also found in the stroma of
DE cyanelles. They contain most to all of the cellular complement of
DE Rubisco. Carboxysomes appear to function as a microcompartment in
DE which Rubisco-mediated CO(2) fixation occurs.
SL Carboxysome.
GO GO:0031470; carboxysome
//
ID Caveola.
AC SL-0035
DE The caveola is a small (apparently) uncoated pit mostly found in the
DE cell membrane of many highly differentiated mammalian cells, such as
DE adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. These flask-shaped
DE invaginations are defined by the presence of caveolins and contains a
DE subset of lipid-raft components, including cholesterol and
DE sphingolipids. Caveolae each comprise a caveolar bulb with a diameter
DE of 60-80 nm, connected to an opening of fairly constant diameter.
DE Caveolae might exists as single pits or can form a cluster of caveolae
DE with non-caveolar membrane between the pits. In many tissues, and
DE particularly in adipocytes, multiple caveolae are arranged around a
DE central vacuolar domain. In developing muscle fibres, multiple
DE caveolae are connected by a single neck to the cell membrane,
DE producing large chains of interconnected caveolae. Another structural
DE feature of caveolae in certain endothelia is the presence of a
DE stomatal diaphragm, which consists of a central density and radial
DE spikes, in the neck of the caveolae. Mature caveolae might be
DE assembled in the Golgi apparatus. Caveolae can flatten out into the
DE cell membrane, thereby loosing their caveolar identity.
SY Caveolae; Plasmalemmal vesicle; Membrane microdomain.
SL Membrane, caveola.
HP Endomembrane system.
GO GO:0005901; caveola
WW [Pubmed: 17318224] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Cell cortex.
AC SL-0138
DE The cell cortex is the cytoplasmic region under the cell membrane.
SL Cytoplasm, cell cortex.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0005938; cell cortex
//
ID Cell envelope.
AC SL-0036
DE The cell envelope comprizes the cell membrane, the cell wall and an
DE outer membrane if present. Gram positive bacteria cell envelope
DE consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule. Gram
DE negative envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall,
DE periplasmic space, outer membrane and capsule. Archeal cell envelope
DE consists generally of single typical bilayer membrane covered by a
DE surface layer (S-layer). Ignicoccus species have exceptionally an
DE outer membrane which encloses a large periplasmic space. Extreme
DE thermophiles and acidophiles have tetraether type glycerophospholipids
DE with C40 isoprenoid chains. The yeast cell envelope is a protecting
DE capsule which consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasmic
DE space, and the cell wall.
SY Envelope.
SL Cell envelope.
GO GO:0031975; envelope
WW http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/ehrmann/tools/ecce/ecce.htm
//
ID Cell inner membrane.
AC SL-0037
DE The bacterial inner cell membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the cytoplasm from the periplasm in Gram-
DE negative bacterial cells.
SY Inner membrane; Plasma membrane; Cytoplasmic membrane.
SL Cell inner membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
KW KW-0997
GO GO:0005886; plasma membrane
//
ID Cell junction.
AC SL-0038
DE The cell junction is a cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix contact
DE within a tissue of a multicellular organism, especially abundant in
DE epithelia. In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell
DE junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g. adherens junctions),
DE communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and occluding junctions
DE (e.g. tight junctions).
SL Cell junction.
KW KW-0965
GO GO:0030054; cell junction
WW http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3469
//
ID Cell membrane.
AC SL-0039
DE The cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which
DE separates the cytoplasm from its surroundings. In most archaea,
DE bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae the cell membrane is enclosed by at
DE least the cell wall. Also used when it is not known if the protein is
DE found in or associated with the inner or outer cell membrane.
SY Plasma membrane; Plasmalemma; Cytoplasmic membrane.
SL Cell membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Cell envelope.
KW KW-1003
GO GO:0005886; plasma membrane
//
ID Cell outer membrane.
AC SL-0040
DE The bacterial outer cell membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the bacterial periplasm from the Gram-
DE negative bacterial cell surroundings. In most bacteria, the cell
DE membrane is enclosed by at least the cell wall.
SY Outer membrane.
SL Cell outer membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
KW KW-0998
GO GO:0009279; cell outer membrane
//
ID Cell projection.
AC SL-0280
DE A cell projection is a cell protrusion such as pseudopodium,
DE filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome, axon, or
DE bacterial comet tail. These membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled processes
DE are involved in many biological functions, such as cell motility,
DE cancer-cell invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen
DE infection, neurite extension and cytokinesis.
SY Cell protrusion.
SL Cell projection.
KW KW-0966
GO GO:0042995; cell projection
//
ID Cell surface.
AC SL-0310
DE The outermost side of the cell.
SL Cell surface.
GO GO:0009986; cell surface
//
ID Cell wall.
AC SL-0041
DE The complex and rigid layer surrounding the cell. Cell walls are found
DE in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. The cell wall is
DE surrounded by the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, and
DE envelopes the inner or plasma membrane in gram-negative, gram-positive
DE and acid-fast bacteria. Cell walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan
DE while those of archaea are not made of peptidoglycan, but some archaea
DE may contain pseudopeptidoglycan, which is composed of N-
DE acetyltalosaminuronic acid, instead of N-acetyl muramic acid in
DE peptidoglycan. The plant cell wall is made of fibrils of cellulose
DE embedded in a matrix of several other kinds of polymers such as pectin
DE and lignin. Algal cell walls are usually composed of cellulose,
DE glycoproteins, sporopollenin, calcium and various polysaccharides such
DE as manosyl, xylanes, alginic acid. Diatom cell walls (or frustules)
DE contain silica. The cell wall plays a role in cell shape, cell
DE stability and development, and protection against environmental
DE dangers.
SL Secreted, cell wall.
HP Cell envelope.
HP Secreted.
KW KW-0134
GO GO:0005618; cell wall
//
ID Cellular chromatophore membrane.
AC SL-0042
DE The cellular chromatophore membrane is the plasma-membrane derived
DE internal, photosynthetic membrane found in the cytoplasm in purple
DE photosynthetic bacteria. They contain the reaction centers, antennae
DE complexes, cytochrome bc1 complex and the F(0)F(1)-ATPase.
SY Chromatophore membrane.
SL Cellular chromatophore membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
GO GO:0042717; chromatophore membrane
//
ID Cellular thylakoid.
AC SL-0043
DE The cellular thylakoids are formed usually by extensive invaginations
DE of the cell membrane. In Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, the
DE thylakoid membranes are physically discontinuous from the plasma
DE membrane, and thus represent bona fide intracellular organelles.
SL Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0009579; thylakoid
//
ID Cellular thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0044
DE The lumen of the cellular thylakoid.
SL Cellular thylakoid lumen.
HP Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0031977; thylakoid lumen
//
ID Cellular thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0045
DE The membrane of the cellular thylakoid.
SL Cellular thylakoid membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Cellular thylakoid.
GO GO:0042651; thylakoid membrane
//
ID Centriole.
AC SL-0046
DE The centriole is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure. A pair
DE of centrioles, embedded in the so-called pericentriolar material,
DE constitute the centrosome, the microtubule-organizing center of a
DE eukaryotic cell. Centrioles are barrel-shaped microtubule-based
DE structures organized in a 9-fold radial symmetry. Centriolar
DE microtubule arrays usually consist of triplet microtubules, although
DE doublets or singlets are present in some species. Centrioles are
DE structurally related to (and often interconvertible with) basal
DE bodies, the organelles required for the assembly of a cilium or
DE flagellum.
SL Centrosome, centriole.
HP Centrosome.
GO GO:0005814; centriole
//
ID Centromere.
AC SL-0047
DE The centromere is a region of replicated eukaryotic chromosomes where
DE the two chromatids are joined together.
SY Chromosome, pericentric region.
SL Centromere.
KW KW-0137
GO GO:0000775; chromosome, pericentric region
//
ID Centrosome.
AC SL-0048
DE The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
DE It is composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles, each one
DE having a barrel shaped microtubule structure, and their surrounding
DE material. The centrosome is responsible of the nucleation and
DE organisation of the microtubules.
SY Microtubules-organizing center.
SL Centrosome.
GO GO:0005813; centrosome
//
ID Chloroplast.
AC SL-0049
DE The most common form of plastid, the chloroplast is a photosynthetic
DE organelle found in all photosynthetic eukaryotes except
DE glaucocystophyte algae (where it is called a cyanelle) and Paulinella
DE chromatophore (where it is called an organellar chromatophore). In
DE green (photosynthetic) tissue they house the machinery necessary for
DE pigment biosynthesis, amino acid synthesis, lipid metabolism etc, as
DE well as the machinery for photosynthesis and CO(2) fixation. They are
DE surrounded by between 2 and 4 membranes and contain thylakoids in
DE green tissue.
SL Plastid, chloroplast.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0150
GO GO:0009507; chloroplast
//
ID Chloroplast envelope.
AC SL-0050
DE The envelope of a chloroplast comprises the inner and outer
DE chloroplast membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Chloroplastic envelope.
SL Plastid, chloroplast envelope.
HI Plastid envelope.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009941; chloroplast envelope
//
ID Chloroplast inner membrane.
AC SL-0051
DE The inner membrane of a chloroplast is the membrane which separates
DE the chloroplast stroma from the intermembrane space.
SY Chloroplastic inner membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast inner membrane.
HI Chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid inner membrane.
GO GO:0009706; chloroplast inner membrane
//
ID Chloroplast intermembrane space.
AC SL-0052
DE The intermembrane space between the inner and the outer chloroplast
DE membranes.
SY Chloroplastic intermembrane space.
SL Plastid, chloroplast intermembrane space.
HI Plastid intermembrane space.
HP Chloroplast envelope.
GO GO:0031972; chloroplast intermembrane space
//
ID Chloroplast membrane.
AC SL-0053
DE The membrane surrounding a chloroplast. Also used when it is not clear
DE in which chloroplast membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane or
DE thylakoid) a protein is found.
SY Chloroplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Chloroplast envelope.
GO GO:0031969; chloroplast membrane
//
ID Chloroplast nucleoid.
AC SL-0139
DE The chloroplast nucleoid is the chloroplastic pseudocompartment formed
DE by the chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally
DE equivalent to the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SY Chloroplastic nucleoid.
SL Plastid, chloroplast stroma, chloroplast nucleoid.
HP Chloroplast stroma.
GO GO:0042644; chloroplast nucleoid
//
ID Chloroplast outer membrane.
AC SL-0054
DE The outer membrane of a chloroplast is the chloroplast membrane facing
DE the cytoplasm.
SY Chloroplastic outer membrane.
SL Plastid, chloroplast outer membrane.
HI Chloroplast membrane.
HI Plastid outer membrane.
GO GO:0009707; chloroplast outer membrane
//
ID Chloroplast stroma.
AC SL-0055
DE The internal space enclosed by the chloroplast double membrane but
DE excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled with a colorless
DE hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary
DE products of photosynthesis.
SY Chloroplastic stroma.
SL Plastid, chloroplast stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009570; chloroplast stroma
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid.
AC SL-0056
DE The thylakoid of a chloroplast is an internal system of interconnected
DE membranes, that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. They
DE are arranged into stacked and unstacked regions called grana and
DE stroma thylakoids, respectively, that are differentially enriched in
DE photosystem I and II complexes. Although extensive, the thylakoid
DE network in an individual chloroplast is thought to comprise a single
DE lumenal compartment.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid.
HI Plastid thylakoid.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0009534; chloroplast thylakoid
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0057
DE The chloroplast thylakoid lumen is the chloroplast compartment bounded
DE by the thylakoid membranes.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid lumen.
HI Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Chloroplast thylakoid.
GO GO:0009543; chloroplast thylakoid lumen
//
ID Chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0058
DE The thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast is an internal system of
DE interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reactions of
DE photosynthesis. They are arranged into stacked and unstacked regions
DE called grana and stroma thylakoids, respectively, that are
DE differentially enriched in photosystem I and II complexes. Although
DE extensive, the thylakoid network in an individual chloroplast is
DE thought to comprise a single lumenal compartment.
SL Plastid, chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
HI Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HP Chloroplast thylakoid.
GO GO:0009535; chloroplast thylakoid membrane
//
ID Chlorosome.
AC SL-0059
DE A chlorosome is a photosynthetic light-harvesting complex found in
DE anoxygenic green bacteria. Chlorosomes are flattened ellipsoidal
DE organelles appressed to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane.
DE They contain typically highly aggregated bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or
DE e, a small amount of bacteriochlorophyll a, carotenoids, quinones, and
DE occasionally wax esters. The chlorosome envelope of green sulfur
DE bacteria is an asymmetric membrane containing galactolipids with the
DE galactosyl moieties exposed on the outer surface. The farnesyl tails
DE of the BChl c molecules within the chlorosome probably comprise the
DE inner leaflet of this membrane.
SL Chlorosome.
KW KW-0151
GO GO:0046858; chlorosome
WW [Pubmed: 16866355] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Chlorosome envelope.
AC SL-0060
DE The chlorosome envelope of green sulfur bacteria is an asymmetric
DE membrane containing galactolipids with the galactosyl moieties exposed
DE on the outer surface. The farnesyl tails of the BChl c molecules
DE within the chlorosome probably comprise the inner leaflet of this
DE membrane.
SY Chlorosomal envelope.
SL Chlorosome, chlorosome envelope.
HP Chlorosome.
GO GO:0033105; chlorosome envelope
//
ID Chromaffin granule.
AC SL-0061
DE A chromaffin granule is a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic
DE of chromaffin cells.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule.
HI Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0042583; chromaffin granule
//
ID Chromaffin granule lumen.
AC SL-0349
DE The chromaffin granule comparment bounded by the chromaffin granule
DE membrane.
SY Chromaffin granular lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Chromaffin granule.
//
ID Chromaffin granule membrane.
AC SL-0062
DE The chromaffin granule membrane is the membrane surrounding a
DE chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle characteristic of
DE chromaffin cells.
SY Chromaffin granular membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, chromaffin granule membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Chromaffin granule.
GO GO:0042584; chromaffin granule membrane
//
ID Chromoplast.
AC SL-0063
DE A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll.
DE Found in flower, petals and fruit.
SL Plastid, chromoplast.
HI Plastid.
GO GO:0009509; chromoplast
//
ID Chromoplast membrane.
AC SL-0064
DE The membrane surrounding the chromoplast. Also used when it is not
DE clear in which chromoplast membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane or
DE thylakoid) a protein is found.
SY Chromoplastic membrane.
SL Plastid, chromoplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Chromoplast.
GO GO:0046862; chromoplast membrane
//
ID Chromoplast stroma.
AC SL-0065
DE The chromoplast stroma is the space enclosed by the chromoplast double
DE membrane but excluding the photosynthetic material. The chromoplast is
DE a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll.
SY Chromoplastic stroma.
SL Plastid, chromoplast stroma.
HP Chromoplast.
GO GO:0009575; chromoplast stroma
//
ID Cilium.
AC SL-0066
DE The cilium is a cell surface projection found at the surface of a
DE large proportion of eukaryotic cells. The two basic types of cilia,
DE motile (alternatively named flagella) and non-motile, collectively
DE perform a wide variety of functions broadly encompassing cell/fluid
DE movement and sensory perception. Their most prominent structural
DE component is the axoneme which consists of nine doublet microtubules,
DE with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic node -
DE containing an additional central pair of microtubules. The axonemal
DE microtubules of all cilia nucleate and extend from a basal body, a
DE centriolar structure most often composed of a radial array of nine
DE triplet microtubules. In most cells, basal bodies associate with cell
DE membranes and cilia are assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed
DE compartments.
SY Cilia.
SL Cell projection, cilium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0005929; cilium
WW http://www.ciliome.com
//
ID Cilium axoneme.
AC SL-0304
DE The cilium axoneme is the most prominent structural component of the
DE cilium. It consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile
DE cilia - except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional
DE central pair of microtubules. The axonemal microtubules of all cilia
DE nucleate and extend from a basal body, a centriolar structure most
DE often composed of a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. In most
DE cells, basal bodies associate with cell membranes and cilia are
DE assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed compartments.
SY Ciliary axoneme.
SL Cell projection, cilium axoneme.
HP Cilium.
GO GO:0035085; cilium axoneme
//
ID Cilium basal body.
AC SL-0087
DE The basal body is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure required
DE for the formation of cilia. Basal bodies, structuraly related to and
DE often interconvertible with centrioles, serves as a nucleation site
DE for axoneme growth.
SY Ciliary basal body; Cilium kinetosome; Ciliary kinetosome.
SL Cell projection, cilium basal body.
HP Cilium.
//
ID Cilium membrane.
AC SL-0305
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the cilium.
SY Ciliary membrane.
SL Cell projection, cilium membrane.
HP Cilium.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID cis-Golgi network.
AC SL-0067
DE The cis-Golgi network is an extensive tubulovesicular network bound to
DE the cis face of the Golgi stack and which function is to receive
DE process the biosynthetic output from the ER.
SY CGN; cis-Golgi; cis-Golgi complex; Golgi cis-face.
SL Golgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005801; cis-Golgi network
//
ID cis-Golgi network membrane.
AC SL-0068
DE The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the
DE cis-Golgi network.
SY CGN membrane; cis-Golgi membrane; cis-Golgi complex membrane; Golgi cis-face membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus, cis-Golgi network membrane.
HI Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP cis-Golgi network.
GO GO:0033106; cis-Golgi network membrane
//
ID Clathrin-coated pit.
AC SL-0069
DE Coated pits are regions of the cell membrane specialized in receptor-
DE mediated endocytosis. Their cytoplasmic surface is coated with a
DE bristlelike structure made of clathrin. During the first steps of
DE endocytosis, clathrin-coated pits are internalized to form clathrin-
DE coated vesicles which transport proteins from organelle to organelle.
SL Membrane, clathrin-coated pit.
HI Coated pit.
GO GO:0005905; coated pit
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0070
DE Clathrin coated vesicles (CCVs) mediate the vesicular transport of
DE cargo such as proteins between organelles in the post-Golgi network
DE connecting the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, lysosomes and the cell
DE membrane. CCVs that bud from the cell membrane reveal a striking
DE polyhedral pattern reminiscent of a fullerene which arises from the
DE outermost protein in the coat, clathrin. Clathrin assembles from
DE three-legged individual components called triskelions to form a
DE polygonal lattice around the vesicle. Clathrin is a large
DE heterohexameric protein complex composed of three heavy chains and
DE three light chains. Clathrin molecules self-assemble together to make
DE a spherical clathrin lattice structure, a polyhedron made of regular
DE pentagons and hexagons. The clathrin lattice serves as a mechanical
DE scaffold but is itself unable to bind directly to membrane components.
DE The connection of the clathrin scaffold to the membrane is mediated by
DE clathrin adaptors, which can bind directly to both the clathrin
DE lattice and to the lipid and protein components of membranes.
DE Clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complexes are a
DE stoichiometric coat component of CCVs alongside clathrin itself, and
DE are considered a major clathrin adaptor contributing the CCV
DE formation.
SY CCV.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030136; clathrin-coated vesicle
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0319
DE The clathrin-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the clathrin-coated
DE vesicle membrane.
SY Clathrin-coated vesicular lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Clathrin-coated vesicle.
//
ID Clathrin-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0071
DE The membrane surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV). CCVs mediate
DE the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins between organelles
DE in the post-Golgi network connecting the trans-Golgi network,
DE endosomes, lysosomes and the cell membrane. CCVs that bud from the
DE cell membrane reveal a striking.
SY Clathrin-coated vesicular membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, clathrin-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Clathrin-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0030665; clathrin coated vesicle membrane
//
ID Coated pit.
AC SL-0072
DE Coated pits are regions of the donor membrane where the assembly of
DE the vesicle coat take place. The coat assembles from soluble protomers
DE such as coat protein complex-I and coat protein complex-II. The
DE components of the coat often define the intracellular sorting station,
DE and contribute to both membrane deformation and local movement of the
DE resulting transport intermediate following scission. During the first
DE steps of the vesicle-mediated membrane transport, coated pits are
DE internalized to form coated vesicles which transport proteins between
DE distinct membrane-bound organelles.
SL Membrane, coated pit.
HP Endomembrane system.
KW KW-0168
GO GO:0005905; coated pit
//
ID Contractile vacuole.
AC SL-0073
DE A contractile vacuole (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory
DE organelle of fresh water and soil amoebae and protozoa which
DE segregates excess cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, and expel it
DE to the cell exterior, so that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept
DE constant under a given osmotic condition. Depending on the organism,
DE the CV complex (CVC) shows different degrees of specialization of its
DE tubular and vesicular elements. In the most elaborate CVCs of certain
DE ciliates, e.g. Paramecium, a central vacuole, the contractile vacuole
DE or cisterna, is surrounded by radially oriented ampullae or radial
DE arms. These ampullae are connected to a network of channels. Excess
DE cytosolic water, acquired osmotically, is segregated by the radial
DE arms and enters the vacuole, so that the vacuole swells (the fluid-
DE filling phase). The vacuole then rounds (the rounding phase) and the
DE radial arms sever from the vacuole. The vacuole membrane then fuses
DE with the plasma membrane at the pore region and the pore opens. The
DE vacuole shrinks as its fluid is discharged through the pore (the
DE fluid-discharging phase). The pore closes when the fluid has been
DE discharged. The radial arms then reattach to the vacuole, so that the
DE vacuole swells again as the fluid enters from the arms (the next
DE fluid-filling phase).
SY CV; Contracile vacuole complex; CVC.
SL Contractile vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0000331; contractile vacuole
//
ID Contractile vacuole lumen.
AC SL-0320
DE The contractile vacuole compartment bounded by the contractile vacuole
DE membrane.
SY Contractile vacuolar lumen.
SL Contractile vacuole lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Contractile vacuole.
//
ID Contractile vacuole membrane.
AC SL-0074
DE The membrane surrounding a contractile vacuole. A contractile vacuole
DE (CV) complex is a membrane-bound osmoregulatory organelle of fresh
DE water and soil amoebae and protozoa which segregates excess cytosolic
DE water, acquired osmotically, and expel it to the cell exterior, so
DE that the cytosolic osmolarity is kept constant under a given osmotic
DE condition.
SY Contractile vacuolar membrane.
SL Contractile vacuole membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Contractile vacuole.
GO GO:0031164; contractile vacuolar membrane
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0075
DE COPI-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as
DE proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-
DE cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi
DE back to the ER (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials
DE within the Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the coatomer, which is a
DE seven-subunit protein complex that participates in the formation of
DE Golgi-derived coated vesicles. Evidence has also been presented for
DE anterograde intra-Golgi transport mediated by COPI in yeast and
DE mammals.
SY Coat protein complex I.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030137; COPI-coated vesicle
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0321
DE The COPI-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the COPI-coated vesicle
DE membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP COPI-coated vesicle.
//
ID COPI-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0076
DE The membrane surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle. COPI-coated vesicles
DE mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPI-coated
DE vesicles are believed to bud from the cis-cisternae of the Golgi
DE apparatus, mediate traffic from the cis-Golgi back to the ER
DE (retrograde), and govern the flow pattern of materials within the
DE Golgi stack. COPI is composed of the.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPI-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP COPI-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0030663; COPI coated vesicle membrane
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle.
AC SL-0077
DE COPII-coated vesicles mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as
DE proteins. COPII-coated vesicles are believed to bud from the
DE endoplasmic reticulum be involved in the anterograde transport between
DE the ER to Golgi and travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi
DE intermediate compartment, where they fuse and release their contents
DE (anterograde transport). The COPII coat has five main functional
DE components that are highly conserved in all eukaryotic cells.
SY Coat protein complexes II; ER to Golgi transport vesicle.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030134; ER to Golgi transport vesicle
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0322
DE The COPII-coated vesicle compartment bounded by the COPII-coated vesicle
DE membrane.
SY Coat protein complexes II lumen; ER to Golgi transport vesicle lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP COPII-coated vesicle.
//
ID COPII-coated vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0078
DE The membrane surrounding a COPII-coated vesicle. COPII-coated vesicles
DE mediate the vesicular transport of cargo such as proteins. COPII-
DE coated vesicles are believed to bud from the endoplasmic reticulum be
DE involved in the anterograde transport between the ER to Golgi and
DE travel toward the Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate
DE compartment, where they fuse and release their contents (anterograde
DE transport). The COPII coat has five main functional.
SY Coat protein complexes II membrane; ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, COPII-coated vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP COPII-coated vesicle.
GO GO:0012507; ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane
//
ID Cornified envelope.
AC SL-0079
DE The cornified envelope is a structure which is formed beneath the
DE plasma membrane in terminally differentiating stratified squamous
DE epithelia. It provides a vital physical barrier to these tissues in
DE mammals and consists of a 10 nm thick layer of highly crosslinked
DE insoluble proteins. In the specialized case of the epidermis, a 5 nm
DE thick layer of ceramide lipids is covalently bound to the proteins.
DE These organize extracellular lipids into orderly lamellae and,
DE together, the cell envelope and extracellular lipids are essential for
DE effective physical and water barrier function in the skin.
SL Cornified envelope.
GO GO:0001533; cornified envelope
//
ID Cvt vesicle.
AC SL-0080
DE A cvt vesicle is a double membrane-layered vesicle implicated in the
DE cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0033107; CVT vesicle
//
ID Cvt vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0323
DE The cvt vesicle compartment bounded by the cvt vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Cvt vesicle.
//
ID Cvt vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0081
DE The membrane surrounding a cvt vesicle. A cvt vesicle is a double
DE membrane-layered vesicle implicated in the cytoplasm to vacuole
DE targeting pathway.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, cvt vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Cvt vesicle.
GO GO:0033110; CVT vesicle membrane
//
ID Cyanelle.
AC SL-0082
DE A cyanelle is a photosynthetic organelle of glaucocystophyte algae.
DE Cyanelles are surrounded by a double membrane and, in between, a
DE peptidoglycan wall. Thylakoid membrane architecture and the presence
DE of carboxysomes are cyanobacteria-like. Historically, the term
DE cyanelle is derived from a classification as endosymbiotic
DE cyanobacteria, and thus is not fully correct.
SY Muroplast; Cyanoplast.
SL Plastid, cyanelle.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0194
GO GO:0009842; cyanelle
//
ID Cyanelle membrane.
AC SL-0083
DE The membrane surrounding a cyanelle, a photosynthetic organelle of
DE glaucocystophyte algae. Also used when it is not clear in which
DE cyanelle membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane or thylakoid) a
DE protein is found.
SL Plastid, cyanelle membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Cyanelle.
GO GO:0033113; cyanelle membrane
//
ID Cyanelle stroma.
AC SL-0350
DE The internal space enclosed by the cyanelle double membrane but
DE excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled with a colorless
DE hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary
DE products of photosynthesis.
SL Plastid, cyanelle stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Cyanelle.
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid.
AC SL-0277
DE The cyanelle thylakoid is an internal system of interconnected
DE photosynthetic membranes resembling that of cyanobacteria found in the
DE cyanelles of certain algae.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid.
HI Plastid thylakoid.
HP Cyanelle.
GO GO:0009843; cyanelle thylakoid
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0084
DE The cyanelle thylakoid lumen is the cyanelle compartment bounded by
DE the thylakoid membranes.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid lumen.
HI Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Cyanelle thylakoid.
GO GO:0033114; cyanelle thylakoid lumen
//
ID Cyanelle thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0085
DE The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle, a
DE photosynthetic organelle of glaucocystophyte algae.
SL Plastid, cyanelle thylakoid membrane.
HI Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HP Cyanelle thylakoid.
GO GO:0033115; cyanelle thylakoid membrane
//
ID Cytoplasm.
AC SL-0086
DE The cytoplasm is the content of a cell within the plasma membrane and,
DE in eukaryotics cells, surrounding the nucleus. This three-dimensional,
DE jelly-like lattice interconnects and supports the other solid
DE structures. The cytosol (the soluble portion of the cytoplasm outside
DE the organelles) is mostly composed of water and many low molecular
DE weight compounds. In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm also contains a network
DE of cytoplasmic filaments (cytoskeleton).
SL Cytoplasm.
KW KW-0963
GO GO:0005737; cytoplasm
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule.
AC SL-0281
DE Protein found in or associated with cytoplasmic granules.
SL Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule lumen.
AC SL-0324
DE The cytoplasmic granule compartment bounded by the cytoplasmic granule
DE membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic granule lumen.
HP Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic granule membrane.
AC SL-0282
DE The membrane surrounding a cytoplasmic granule.
SL Cytoplasmic granule membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Cytoplasmic granule.
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle.
AC SL-0088
DE The cytoplasmic vesicles mediate vesicular transport among the
DE organelles of secretory and endocytic systems. These transport
DE vesicles are classified by the identity of the protein coat used in
DE their formation and also by the cargo they contain, e.g. clathrin-,
DE COPI-, and COPII-coated vesicles, synaptic vesicles, secretory
DE vesicles, phagosomes, etc.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle.
KW KW-0968
GO GO:0031410; cytoplasmic vesicle
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0325
DE The cytoplasmic vesicle compartment bounded by the cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Cytoplasmic vesicle.
//
ID Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0089
DE The membrane surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. The cytoplasmic
DE vesicles mediate vesicular transport among the organelles of secretory
DE and endocytic systems.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030659; cytoplasmic vesicle membrane
//
ID Cytoskeleton.
AC SL-0090
DE The cytoskeleton is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that fills
DE the cytoplasm of cells. The cytoskeleton is responsible for cell
DE movement, cytokinesis, and the organization of the organelles or
DE organelle-like structures within the cell. The major components of
DE the cytoskeleton are the microfilaments (of actin), microtubules (of
DE tubulin), the intermediate filament systems and a fourth group, the
DE MinD-ParA group, that appears to be unique to bacteria.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton.
HP Cytoplasm.
KW KW-0206
GO GO:0005856; cytoskeleton
//
ID Cytosol.
AC SL-0091
DE The cytosol is the unstructured aqueous phase of the cytoplasm
DE excluding organelles, membranes, and insoluble cytoskeletal
DE components.
SL Cytoplasm, cytosol.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0005829; cytosol
//
ID Dendrite.
AC SL-0283
DE The dendrite is a short and typically branched process extending from
DE the cell body of a neuron that receive and integrate signals coming
DE from axons of other neurons, and convey the resulting signal to the
DE body of the cell.
SL Cell projection, dendrite.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030425; dendrite
//
ID Dendritic spine.
AC SL-0284
DE A dendritic spine is a small, club-like cell protrusion from neuronal
DE dendrites that form the postsynaptic component of most excitatory
DE synapses in the brain. Spines are complex, dynamic structures that
DE contain a dense array of cytoskeletal, transmembrane, and scaffolding
DE molecules. Despite their modest size, most spines contain at least
DE some form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which in the largest spines
DE takes the form of a specialized organelle called the "spine
DE apparatus". These cell protrusions play a critical role in synaptic
DE transmission and plasticity.
SY Spine.
SL Cell projection, dendritic spine.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0043197; dendritic spine
WW [Pubmed: 16443821] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Dendritic spine membrane.
AC SL-0285
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the dendritic spine, a
DE small, club-like cell protrusion from neuronal dendrites that form the
DE postsynaptic component of most excitatory synapses in the brain.
SL Cell projection, dendritic spine membrane.
HP Dendritic spine.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Desmosome.
AC SL-0092
DE A desmosome (DS) is a button-like adhesion complex that stabilizes
DE epithelial sheets by anchoring the intermediate filament cytoskeleton
DE to the cell junction. Desmosomes are found particularly in tissues
DE subjected to mechanical stress.
SY Macula adherens; DS.
SL Cell junction, desmosome.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0030057; desmosome
WW http://celljunctions.med.nyu.edu/desmosomes/desframe.html
//
ID Early endosome.
AC SL-0094
DE Early endosomes form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the
DE cortical cytoplasm of the cell. Early endosomes are the primary
DE sorting station in the endocytic pathway from which endocytosed
DE molecules can be recycled back to the cell membrane or targeted to
DE degradation in the lysosomes. Loaded by endocytosed molecules in 1 to
DE 4 minutes, their acidic luminal pH around 6.0 allows ligand release
DE from recycling receptors.
SL Early endosome.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005769; early endosome
//
ID Early endosome lumen.
AC SL-0337
DE The early endosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of early
DE endosomes, which form a tubulovesicular network spread throughout the
DE cortical cytoplasm of the cell.
SY Early endosomal lumen.
SL Early endosome lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Early endosome.
//
ID Early endosome membrane.
AC SL-0093
DE The membrane surrounding the early endosomes, which form a
DE tubulovesicular network spread throughout the cortical cytoplasm of
DE the cell.
SY Early endosomal membrane.
SL Early endosome membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Early endosome.
GO GO:0031901; early endosome membrane
//
ID Endomembrane system.
AC SL-0147
DE A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the
DE cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic
DE reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles and cell membrane and nuclear
DE envelope. The endomembrane system does not include the membranes of
DE mitochondria or plastids.
SY Endomembrane.
SL Endomembrane system.
HI Membrane.
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0095
DE The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membrane
DE tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products. The membrane is a
DE continuation of the outer nuclear membrane, it encloses the cytosol
DE cisternal spaces (or internal lumen), which are continuous with the
DE nuclear periplasmic space. The ER sustains many general functions,
DE including protein synthesis, protein modification, protein folding,
DE insertion of membrane proteins, sequestration of calcium, production
DE of phospholipids and steroids and transport of proteins destined for
DE membranes and secretion.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum.
KW KW-0256
GO GO:0005783; endoplasmic reticulum
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0096
DE The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the area enclosed by
DE the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, an extensive network of membrane
DE tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005788; endoplasmic reticulum lumen
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0097
DE The membrane surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The
DE endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of membrane tubules,
DE vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the
DE production of hormones and other secretory products.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005789; endoplasmic reticulum membrane
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
AC SL-0098
DE The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a collection of
DE tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity of ER exit sites.
DE The ERGIC mediates transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the
DE Golgi and is the first anterograde/retrograde sorting station in the
DE secretory pathway. ERGIC has not been observed in yeast and plants.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; ERGIC; Intermediate compartment; IC; VTC; Vesiculo-tubular cluster.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
GO GO:0005793; ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen.
AC SL-0326
DE The ERGIC compartment bounded by the ERGIC membrane.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen; ERGIC lumen; Intermediate compartment lumen; IC lumen; VTC lumen; Vesiculo-tubular cluster lumen.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment lumen.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
//
ID Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
AC SL-0099
DE The membrane surrounding the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, which
DE is a collection of tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity
DE of ER exit sites.
SY ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; ERGIC membrane; Intermediate compartment membrane; IC membrane; VTC membrane; Vesiculo-tubular cluster membrane.
SL Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
GO GO:0033116; ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane
//
ID Endosome.
AC SL-0101
DE Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in transport
DE within the cell, they receive endocytosed cell membrane molecules and
DE sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell
DE surface. They also receive newly synthesised proteins destined for
DE vacuolar/lysosomal compartments. In certain cell types, endosomal
DE multivesicular bodies may fuse with the cell surface in an exocytic
DE manner. These released vesicles are called exosomes.
SL Endosome.
KW KW-0967
GO GO:0005768; endosome
//
ID Endosome lumen.
AC SL-0327
DE The endosomal compartment bounded by the endosomal membrane.
SY Endosomal lumen.
SL Endosome lumen.
HP Endosome.
//
ID Endosome membrane.
AC SL-0100
DE The membrane surrounding the endosome. Endosomes are highly dynamic
DE membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they receive
DE endocytosed cell membrane molecules and sort them for either
DE degradation or recycling back to the cell surface.
SY Endosomal membrane.
SL Endosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0010008; endosome membrane
//
ID Esterosome.
AC SL-0109
DE The esterosome is a crystalline inclusion body is a vesicle filled
DE with crystals of proteins showing sequence similarities with various
DE esterases. The enclosing membrane has the characteristics of RER.
SL Esterosome.
GO GO:0033117; esterosome
//
ID Esterosome lumen.
AC SL-0328
DE The esterosomal compartment bounded by the esterosomal membrane.
SY Esterosomal lumen.
SL Esterosome lumen.
HP Esterosome.
//
ID Esterosome membrane.
AC SL-0108
DE The membrane surrounding the esterosome, a crystalline inclusion body
DE is a vesicle filled with crystals of proteins showing sequence
DE similarities with various esterases.
SY Esterosomal membrane.
SL Esterosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Esterosome.
GO GO:0033118; esterosome membrane
//
ID Etioplast.
AC SL-0110
DE The etioplast is a plastid found in plants grown in the dark.
SL Plastid, etioplast.
HI Plastid.
GO GO:0009513; etioplast
//
ID Etioplast membrane.
AC SL-0329
DE The membrane surrounding the etioplast, a plastid found in plants
DE grown in the dark. Also used when it is not clear in which etioplast
DE membrane a protein is found.
SL Plastid, etioplast membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Etioplast.
//
ID Etioplast stroma.
AC SL-0330
DE The etioplast stroma is the space enclosed by the double membrane of
DE an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the
DE etioplast DNA.
SL Plastid, etioplast stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Etioplast.
//
ID Extracellular matrix.
AC SL-0111
DE The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vague term used to refer to all
DE the material surrounding cells in a multicellular organism, except
DE circulating fluids such as blood or lymph. In some cases, the ECM
DE accounts for more of the organism's bulk than its cells. In plants,
DE arthropods and fungi the ECM is primarily composed of nonliving
DE material such as cellulose or chitin. In vertebrates the ECM consists
DE of a complex network including the basement membrane, collage,
DE elastin, proteoglycans and hyaluronan.
SY Proteinaceous extracellular matrix.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix.
HP Extracellular space.
KW KW-0272
GO GO:0005578; proteinaceous extracellular matrix
//
ID Extracellular space.
AC SL-0112
DE The extracellular space is the space outside of the cell membrane but
DE part of a multicellular organism.
SY Intercellular space.
SL Secreted, extracellular space.
HP Secreted.
GO GO:0005615; extracellular space
//
ID Filopodium.
AC SL-0286
DE The filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like cell protrusion filled
DE with straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments having their barbed
DE ends directed towards the cell membrane. Filopodium are observed at
DE the advancing front of the migrating cell and are implicated in cell
DE motility as well as in cell-substrate adhesion. Filopodia explore the
DE environment and form nascent adhesive structures in response to
DE external signaling cues. These long and highly dynamic protrusions can
DE extend and retract. They are observed in many cell types, such as
DE keratinocytes, fibroblasts and in neurite growth cones.
SY Filopodia; Microspike.
SL Cell projection, filopodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030175; filopodium
//
ID Filopodium membrane.
AC SL-0287
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the filopodium. The
DE filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like cell protrusion filled with
DE straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments having their barbed ends
DE directed towards the cell membrane.
SL Cell projection, filopodium membrane.
HP Filopodium.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031527; filopodium membrane
//
ID Fimbrium.
AC SL-0113
DE A fimbrium or pilus is a hollow, non-flagellar polymeric cell surface
DE projection from the cell surface. The major constituent is a protein,
DE pilin. Bacteria can have two kinds of pili: a low number of long F
DE (conjugation, sex) pili and/or short pili (or fimbria) found in large
DE numbers (up to hundreds). Short pili play a crucial role in processes
DE such as adherence to other cell and twitching/retractive motility.
SY Fimbria; Pilus; Pili.
SL Fimbrium.
KW KW-0281
GO GO:0009289; fimbrium
//
ID Flagellar pocket.
AC SL-0116
DE The flagellar pocket is a structure found in trypanosomes. The
DE flagellar pocket is formed by an invagination in the plasma membrane
DE where the flagellum emerges from the cell body. This pocket provides
DE the portal through which most of the dynamic interactions with the
DE host occur.
SL Flagellar pocket.
GO GO:0020016; flagellar pocket
//
ID Flagellum.
AC SL-0117
DE The flagellum is a long whip-like or feathery structure which propels
DE the cell through a liquid medium. This motile cilium is produced by
DE the unicellular eukaryotes, and by the motile male gametes of many
DE eukaryotic organisms. The flagella commonly have a characteristic
DE axial '9+2' microtubular array (axoneme) and bends are generated along
DE the length of the flagellum by restricted sliding of the nine outer
DE doublets.
SY Flagella; Motile cilium; Motile cilia; Undulipodium; Undulipodia.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum.
HI Cilium.
GO GO:0019861; flagellum
WW http://www.ciliome.com
//
ID Flagellum axoneme.
AC SL-0114
DE The flagellum axoneme is the most prominent structural component of
DE the flagellum, which is a long whip-like or feathery structure which
DE propels the cell through a liquid medium. The flagellum axoneme
DE consists of a characteristic axial '9+2' microtubular array.
SY Flagellar axoneme.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum axoneme.
HI Cilium axoneme.
HP Flagellum.
GO GO:0035086; flagellar axoneme
//
ID Flagellum basal body.
AC SL-0308
DE The basal body is a barrel-shaped microtubule-based structure required
DE for the formation of flagella. Basal bodies, structuraly related to
DE and often interconvertible with centrioles, serves as a nucleation
DE site for axoneme growth.
SY Flagellar basal body; Flagellum kinetosome; Flagellar kinetosome.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum basal body.
HP Flagellum.
//
ID Flagellum membrane.
AC SL-0115
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding the flagellum, a long
DE whip-like or feathery structure which propels the cell through a
DE liquid medium.
SY Flagellar membrane.
SL Cell projection, cilium, flagellum membrane.
HI Cilium membrane.
HP Flagellum.
GO GO:0020017; flagellar membrane
//
ID Focal adhesion.
AC SL-0118
DE Focal adhesions are sites of tightest adhesion made to the underlying
DE extracellular matrix by cells in culture. They serve a structural
DE role, linking the ECM on the outside to the actin cytoskeleton on the
DE inside. In addition, they are sites of signal transduction, initiating
DE signaling pathways in response to adhesion. Focal adhesions are formed
DE around a transmembrane core of an alpha-beta integrin heterodimer,
DE which binds to a component of the extracellular matrix on its
DE extracellular region, constitutes the site of anchorage of the actin
DE cytoskeleton to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, and mediates
DE various intracellular signaling pathways.
SL Cell junction, focal adhesion.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0005925; focal adhesion
WW http://www-cellbio.med.unc.edu/grad/depttest/burridge.htm
//
ID Forespore.
AC SL-0119
DE Sporulation leads to the formation of an asymmetrically positioned
DE division septum (the polar septum) which divides the developing cell
DE into two adjacent, but unequal-sized compartments called the forespore
DE (the smaller cell) and the mother cell.
SY Prespore.
SL Forespore.
WW [Pubmed: 15753026] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Forespore inner membrane.
AC SL-0120
DE The inner membrane of the smaller compartment, the forespore, of a
DE sporulating cell.
SY Prespore inner membrane.
SL Forespore inner membrane.
HI Forespore membrane.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Forespore intermembrane space.
AC SL-0121
DE The intermembrane space between the inner and outer forespore
DE membranes.
SY Prespore intermembrane space.
SL Forespore intermembrane space.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Forespore membrane.
AC SL-0122
DE The membrane surrounding a forespore. This term is used when it is not
DE known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer
DE forespore membrane.
SY Prespore membrane.
SL Forespore membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Forespore outer membrane.
AC SL-0123
DE The outer membrane of the smaller compartment, the forespore, of a
DE sporulating cell.
SY Prespore outer membrane.
SL Forespore outer membrane.
HI Forespore membrane.
HP Forespore.
//
ID Gap junction.
AC SL-0124
DE A gap junction (GJ) is a communicating junction between certain cell
DE types that allows the passive passage of ions and small molecules
DE providing a direct pathway for electrical and metabolic signaling. In
DE vertebrates GJs are patches of channels, each cell membrane contains a
DE 'hemichannel', so that each GJ channel is composed of two hemichannels
DE (connexons), which in turn are composed of six membrane proteins
DE (connexins (Cxs)). In invertebrates, GJ channels are formed by another
DE large family of integral membrane proteins, the innexins. GJ exists in
DE all metazoans (multi-cellular organisms) and in almost all cell types
DE in these organisms.
SY Connexons.
SL Cell junction, gap junction.
HI Cell junction.
KW KW-0303
GO GO:0005921; gap junction
//
ID Gas vesicle.
AC SL-0125
DE Gas vesicles are rigid hollow structures found in five phyla of the
DE Bacteria and two groups of the Archaea, but mostly restricted to
DE planktonic microorganisms, in which they provide buoyancy. By
DE regulating their relative gas vesicle content, aquatic microbes are
DE able to perform vertical migrations. The gas vesicle is impermeable to
DE liquid water, but is highly permeable to gases and is normally filled
DE with air. Two proteins have been shown to be present in the gas
DE vesicle: GVPa, which makes the ribs that form the structure, and GVPc,
DE which binds to the outside of the ribs and stiffens the structure
DE against collapse.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle.
HI Vacuole.
KW KW-0304
GO GO:0031411; gas vesicle
//
ID Gas vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0331
DE The gas vesicle compartment bounded by the membrane of a gas vesicle.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Gas vesicle.
//
ID Gas vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0126
DE The membrane surrounding a gas vesicle.
SY Gas vesicle shell.
SL Vacuole, gas vesicle membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Gas vesicle.
GO GO:0033172; gas vesicle shell
//
ID Gem.
AC SL-0127
DE Gems are nuclear bodies, often found paired or juxtaposed to Cajal
DE bodies, called gems for "gemini of CBs". It is not clear if Cajal
DE bodes and gems are distinct nuclear bodies or if they should be
DE considered as two manifestations of the same structure.
SL Nucleus, gem.
HP Nucleus.
//
ID Glycosome.
AC SL-0129
DE The glycosome is a microbody-like organelle found in all members of
DE the protist order Kinetoplastida examined. Nine enzymes involved in
DE glucose and glycerol metabolism are associated with these organelles.
DE These enzymes are involved in pathways which, in other organisms, are
DE usually located in the cytosol.
SL Glycosome.
KW KW-0327
GO GO:0020015; glycosome
//
ID Glycosome lumen.
AC SL-0332
DE The glycosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the glycosome, a
DE microbody-like organelle found in all members of the protist order
DE Kinetoplastida examined.
SY Glycosomal lumen.
SL Glycosome lumen.
HP Glycosome.
//
ID Glycosome membrane.
AC SL-0128
DE The membrane surrounding the the glycosome, a microbody-like organelle
DE found in all members of the protist order Kinetoplastida examined.
SY Glycosomal membrane.
SL Glycosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Glycosome.
GO GO:0046860; glycosome membrane
//
ID Glyoxysome.
AC SL-0131
DE The glyoxysome is a membrane-surrounded plant cell organelle,
DE especially found in germinating seeds, and involved in the breakdown
DE and conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate bypass.
DE Since it is also rich in catalase, the glyoxysome may be related to
DE the microbodies or peroxisomes or derived from them.
SL Glyoxysome.
KW KW-0330
GO GO:0009514; glyoxysome
//
ID Glyoxysome lumen.
AC SL-0333
DE The glyoxysomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the glyoxysome,
DE a membrane-surrounded plant cell organelle, especially found in
DE germinating seeds, and involved in the breakdown and conversion of
DE fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate bypass.
SY Glyoxysomal lumen.
SL Glyoxysome lumen.
HP Glyoxysome.
//
ID Glyoxysome membrane.
AC SL-0130
DE The membrane surrounding the glyoxysome, a membrane-surrounded plant
DE cell organelle, especially found in germinating seeds, and involved in
DE the breakdown and conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA for the
DE glyoxylate bypass.
SY Glyoxysomal membrane.
SL Glyoxysome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Glyoxysome.
GO GO:0046861; glyoxysomal membrane
//
ID Golgi apparatus.
AC SL-0132
DE The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened, cisternal membranes and
DE similar vesicles usually arranged in close apposition to each other to
DE form stacks. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is juxtanuclear,
DE often pericentriolar. The stacks are connected laterally by tubules to
DE create a perinuclear ribbon structure, the 'Golgi ribbon'. In plants
DE and lower animal cells, the Golgi exists as many copies of discrete
DE stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The Golgi is a polarized
DE structure with, in most higher eukaryotic cells, a cis-face associated
DE with a tubular reticular network of membranes facing the endoplasmic
DE reticulum, the cis-Golgi network (CGN), a medial area of disk-shaped
DE flattened cisternae, and a trans-face associated with another tubular
DE reticular membrane network, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) directed
DE toward the plasma membrane and compartments of the endocytic pathway.
DE The Golgi apparatus receives the entire output of de novo synthesized
DE polypeptides from the ER, and functions to posttranslationally process
DE and sort them within vesicles destined to their proper final
DE destination (e.g. plasma membrane, endosomes, lysosomes).
SY Golgi; Golgi complex; Complexus golgiensis; Apparatus golgiensis.
SL Golgi apparatus.
KW KW-0333
GO GO:0005794; Golgi apparatus
//
ID Golgi apparatus lumen.
AC SL-0133
DE The Golgi lumen consist of the cisternal spaces (or internal lumen) of
DE the Golgi apparatus.
SY Golgi lumen; Golgi complex lumen; Complexus golgiensis lumen; Apparatus golgiensis lumen.
SL Golgi apparatus lumen.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005796; Golgi lumen
//
ID Golgi apparatus membrane.
AC SL-0134
DE The membrane surrounding the Golgi apparatus.
SY Golgi membrane; Golgi complex membrane; Complexus golgiensis membrane; Apparatus golgiensis membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0000139; Golgi membrane
//
ID Golgi stack.
AC SL-0135
DE The Golgi stack consist of a series of flattened curved and parallel
DE series saccules, called cisternae or dictyosomes, that form the
DE central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis,
DE medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not
DE considered part of the stack.
SY Golgi body; Golgi bodies; Dictyosome.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005795; Golgi stack
//
ID Golgi stack lumen.
AC SL-0334
DE The Golgi stack compartment bounded by the membrane of the Golgi
DE stack.
SY Golgi body lumen; Golgi bodies lumen; Dictyosome lumen.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack lumen.
HI Golgi apparatus lumen.
HP Golgi stack.
//
ID Golgi stack membrane.
AC SL-0136
DE The membrane surrounding the Golgi stack.
SY Golgi cisterna membrane; Golgi body membrane; Golgi bodies membrane; Dictyosome membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus, Golgi stack membrane.
HI Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP Golgi stack.
GO GO:0032580; Golgi cisterna membrane
//
ID Growth cone.
AC SL-0288
DE The growth cone is a dynamic cell protrusion at the tip of the
DE extending axon or dendrite. Neuron extends a specialized structure,
DE the growth cone, to find targets in the wiring of the nervous system.
DE The growth cone explores its environment by extending dynamic
DE filopodia. Growth cone is composed of an ensemble of protruding and
DE retracting veils (lamellipodia), net growth cone advance may be
DE considered the vector sum of all veil's motility behavior in response
DE to their local environments. Filopodia play a key role in delimiting
DE veils and serving to nucleate the formation of new veils.
SL Cell projection, growth cone.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030426; growth cone
WW [Pubmed: 17327278] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Growth cone membrane.
AC SL-0289
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a growth cone.
SL Cell projection, growth cone membrane.
HP Growth cone.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Hemidesmosome.
AC SL-0137
DE The hemidesmosome is an integrin-containing adhesive junction located
DE along the basal layer of cells where they abut the basement membrane
DE zone. As the name implies, only half the desmosome is present; only
DE one cell is participating, the second cell being represented by the
DE basement membrane.
SL Cell junction, hemidesmosome.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0030056; hemidesmosome
WW http://celljunctions.med.nyu.edu/hemidesmosomes/hemimain.html
//
ID Host.
AC SL-0431
DE The host is any organism in which another organism, or symbiont,
DE spends part or all of its life cycle. Most animals and plants live
DE symbiotically with microorganisms. The larger organism is called the
DE host and smaller organism the symbiont. When the interactions between
DE the symbiont and the host benefits both partners, the symbiotic
DE interaction is called mutualism. When there is a negative effect on
DE one of the partners, it is called a parasitic symbiosis and if there
DE is no beneficial or negative effect it is a commensal symbiosis. These
DE clear-cut definitions are not always easy to apply in nature. Take the
DE bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa for example. This bacterium can be
DE found on the skin of humans and not cause disease, perhaps we would
DE call it a commensial, but if the person has a severe burn P.
DE aeruginosa can cause an infection and becomes a pathogen (a medicinal
DE term for parasitism). This type of organism is called an opportunistic
DE pathogen. Whether an association is a mutualist, commensal or
DE parasitic depends on the relative "strengths" of the partners and the
DE balance of power can change over time.
SL Host.
GO GO:0018995; host
WW http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/GenSym/GenSym.htm
//
ID Host apical cell membrane.
AC SL-0372
DE The fraction of the host cell membrane at the apical end of the host
DE cell, which faces the outside world or the lumen of the host cavity.
SY Host apical plasma membrane.
SL Host apical cell membrane.
HP Host cell membrane.
//
ID Host caveola.
AC SL-0428
DE The host caveola is a small (apparently) uncoated pit found mostly in
DE the host cell membrane of many highly differentiated mammalian cells,
DE such as adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. These flask-
DE shaped invaginations are defined by the presence of caveolins and
DE contains a subset of lipid-raft components, including cholesterol and
DE sphingolipids.
SY Host caveolae; Host plasmalemmal vesicle; Host membrane microdomain.
SL Host membrane, host caveola.
HP Host endomembrane system.
//
ID Host cell.
AC SL-0427
DE A cell within a host organism including the host cell membrane and any
DE external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell
DE envelope.
SL Host cell.
GO GO:0043657; host cell
//
ID Host cell envelope.
AC SL-0421
DE The host cell envelope comprises the cell membrane, the cell wall and
DE an outer membrane if present. The Gram-positive bacteria host cell
DE envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule.
DE The Gram-negative host envelope consists of the cytoplasmic membrane,
DE cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane and capsule. The archaeal
DE cell host envelope consists generally of single typical bilayer
DE membrane covered by a surface layer (S-layer). Ignicoccus host species
DE exceptionally have an outer membrane which encloses a large
DE periplasmic space. Extreme host thermophiles and acidophiles have
DE tetraether type glycerophospholipids with C40 isoprenoid chains. The
DE yeast host cell envelope is a protecting capsule which consists of the
DE cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasmic space, and the cell wall.
SY Host envelope.
SL Host cell envelope.
HP Host cell.
//
ID Host cell inner membrane.
AC SL-0373
DE The bacterial host cell inner membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the host cytoplasm from the host periplasm in
DE Gram-negative host bacterial cells.
SY Host inner membrane.
SL Host cell inner membrane.
HI Host cell membrane.
KW KW-0997
//
ID Host cell junction.
AC SL-0374
DE The host cell junction is a host cell-host cell or host cell-host
DE extracellular matrix contact within a tissue of a host multicellular
DE organism, especially abundant in host epithelia. In vertebrates, there
DE are three major types of cell junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g.
DE adherens junctions), communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and
DE occluding junctions (e.g. tight junctions).
SL Host cell junction.
HP Host.
//
ID Host cell membrane.
AC SL-0375
DE The host cell membrane is the selectively permeable membrane which
DE separates the host cytoplasm from its surroundings.
SY Host plasma membrane; Host plasmalemma; Host cytoplasmic membrane.
SL Host cell membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host cell envelope.
KW KW-1003
GO GO:0033644; host cell membrane
//
ID Host cell outer membrane.
AC SL-0376
DE The bacterial host cell outer membrane is the selectively permeable
DE membrane which separates the bacterial host periplasm from the Gram-
DE negative host bacterial cell surroundings. In most bacteria, the cell
DE membrane is enclosed by at least the cell wall.
SY Host outer membrane.
SL Host cell outer membrane.
HI Host cell membrane.
KW KW-0998
//
ID Host cell projection.
AC SL-0377
DE A host cell projection is a host cell protrusion such as pseudopodium,
DE filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum, acrosome, axon,
DE pili or bacterial comet tail. These membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled
DE processes are involved in many biological functions, such as host cell
DE motility, cancer-cell invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis,
DE pathogen infection, neurite extension and cytokinesis.
SY Host cell protrusion.
SL Host cell projection.
HP Host cell.
//
ID Host cell surface.
AC SL-0378
DE The outermost side of the host cell.
SL Host cell surface.
HP Host cell.
//
ID Host cell wall.
AC SL-0424
DE The complex and rigid layer surrounding the host cell. Host cell walls
DE are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. The host
DE cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane in Gram-negative host
DE bacteria, and envelopes the inner or plasma host membrane all host
DE bacteria. It plays a role in host cell shape, cell stability and
DE development, and protection against environmental dangers.
SL Host cell wall.
HP Host cell envelope.
//
ID Host cellular thylakoid.
AC SL-0429
DE The host cellular thylakoids are formed usually by extensive invaginations
DE of the host cell membrane. In Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, the
DE thylakoid membranes are physically discontinuous from the plasma
DE membrane, and thus represent bona fide intracellular organelles.
SL Host cellular thylakoid.
HP Host cell.
//
ID Host cellular thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0430
DE The membrane of the host cellular thylakoid.
SL Host cellular thylakoid membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host cellular thylakoid.
//
ID Host cis-Golgi network.
AC SL-0396
DE The host cis-Golgi network is an extensive tubulovesicular network
DE bound to the cis face of the Golgi stack and whose function is to
DE receive process the biosynthetic output from the ER.
SY Host CGN; Host cis-Golgi; Host cis-Golgi complex; Host Golgi cis-face.
SL Host Golgi apparatus, host cis-Golgi network.
HP Host Golgi apparatus.
//
ID Host cis-Golgi network membrane.
AC SL-0397
DE The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the
DE host cis-Golgi network.
SY Host CGN membrane; Host cis-Golgi membrane; Host cis-Golgi complex membrane; Host Golgi cis-face membrane.
SL Host Golgi apparatus, host cis-Golgi network membrane.
HI Host Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP Host cis-Golgi network.
//
ID Host cytoplasm.
AC SL-0381
DE The host cytoplasm is the content of a host cell within the plasma
DE membrane and, in eukaryotics cells, surrounds the host nucleus.
SL Host cytoplasm.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0963
GO GO:0030430; host cell cytoplasm
//
ID Host cytoplasmic vesicle.
AC SL-0386
DE The host cytoplasmic vesicles mediate vesicular transport among the
DE organelles of host secretory and endocytic systems.
SL Host cytoplasmic vesicle.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0968
//
ID Host cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0387
DE The membrane surrounding a host cytoplasmic vesicle. These vesicles
DE mediate vesicular transport among the organelles of secretory and
DE endocytic systems.
SL Host cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host cytoplasmic vesicle.
//
ID Host cytoskeleton.
AC SL-0383
DE The host cytoskeleton is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that
DE fills the host cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for
DE cell movement, cytokinesis, and the organization of the organelles or
DE organelle-like structures within the host cell.
SL Host cytoplasm, host cytoskeleton.
HP Host cytoplasm.
KW KW-0206
//
ID Host cytosol.
AC SL-0384
DE The host cytosol is the unstructured aqueous phase of the host
DE cytoplasm excluding organelles, membranes, and insoluble cytoskeletal
DE components.
SL Host cytoplasm, host cytosol.
HP Host cytoplasm.
//
ID Host endomembrane system.
AC SL-0398
DE A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the
DE host cell. The main components of the host endomembrane system are
DE endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and cell membrane
DE and nuclear envelope. The endomembrane system does not include the
DE membranes of mitochondria or plastids.
SY Host endomembrane.
SL Host endomembrane system.
HI Host membrane.
//
ID Host endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0388
DE The host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of
DE membrane tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like
DE structures) found throughout the eukaryotic host cell, especially
DE those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory
DE products.
SL Host endoplasmic reticulum.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0256
//
ID Host endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0389
DE The lumen of the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the area enclosed
DE by the host endoplasmic reticulum membrane, an extensive network of
DE membrane tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like
DE structures) found throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those
DE responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory
DE products.
SL Host endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Host endoplasmic reticulum.
//
ID Host endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0390
DE The membrane surrounding the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The host
DE endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of membrane tubules,
DE vesicles and flattened cisternae (sac-like structures) found
DE throughout the eukaryotic host cell, especially those responsible for
DE the production of hormones and other secretory products.
SL Host endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host endoplasmic reticulum.
//
ID Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
AC SL-0391
DE The host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is a collection of
DE tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the vicinity of host ER exit
DE sites. The host ERGIC mediates transport between the endoplasmic
DE reticulum and the Golgi and is the first anterograde/retrograde
DE sorting station in the host secretory pathway.
SY Host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; Host ERGIC; Host intermediate compartment; Host IC; Host VTC; Host vesiculo-tubular cluster.
SL Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
HP Host cell.
//
ID Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
AC SL-0392
DE The membrane surrounding the host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment,
DE which is a collection of tubulovesicular membrane clusters in the
DE vicinity of host ER exit sites.
SY Host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane; Host ERGIC membrane; Host intermediate compartment membrane; Host IC membrane; Host VTC membrane; Host vesiculo-tubular cluster membrane.
SL Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment.
//
ID Host endosome.
AC SL-0393
DE Host endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems involved in
DE transport within the host cell, they receive endocytosed host cell
DE membrane molecules and sort them for either degradation or recycling
DE back to the host cell surface. They also receive newly synthesised
DE proteins destined for host vacuolar/lysosomal compartments.
SL Host endosome.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0967
//
ID Host endosome membrane.
AC SL-0394
DE The membrane surrounding the host endosome. Host endosomes are highly
DE dynamic membrane systems involved in transport within the cell, they
DE receive endocytosed host cell membrane molecules and sort them for
DE either degradation or recycling back to the host cell surface.
SY Host endosomal membrane.
SL Host endosome membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host endosome.
//
ID Host extracellular space.
AC SL-0425
DE The host extracellular space is the space outside of the host cell
DE membrane but part of a multicellular host organism.
SY Host intercellular space.
SL Host extracellular space.
HP Host.
//
ID Host filopodium.
AC SL-0379
DE The host filopodium is a thin, tubular, finger-like host cell
DE protrusion filled with straight bundled, crosslinked actin filaments
DE having their barbed ends directed towards the host cell membrane.
SY Host filopodia; Host microspike.
SL Host cell projection, host filopodium.
HI Host cell projection.
//
ID Host Golgi apparatus.
AC SL-0395
DE The host Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened, cisternal membranes
DE and similar vesicles usually arranged in close apposition to each
DE other to form stacks. In mammalian cells, the host Golgi apparatus is
DE juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar. The stacks are connected laterally
DE by tubules to create a perinuclear ribbon structure, the 'Golgi
DE ribbon'. In plants and lower animal cells, the host Golgi exists as
DE many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the host
DE cytoplasm. It is a polarized structure with, in most higher eukaryotic
DE cells, a cis-face associated with a tubular reticular network of
DE membranes facing the endoplasmic reticulum, the cis-Golgi network
DE (CGN), a medial area of disk-shaped flattened cisternae, and a trans-
DE face associated with another tubular reticular membrane network, the
DE trans-Golgi network (TGN) directed toward the host plasma membrane and
DE compartments of the host endocytic pathway.
SY Host Golgi; Host Golgi complex; Host complexus golgiensis; Host apparatus golgiensis.
SL Host Golgi apparatus.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0333
//
ID Host Golgi apparatus membrane.
AC SL-0426
DE The host membrane surrounding the host Golgi apparatus.
SY Host Golgi membrane; Host Golgi complex membrane; Host complexus golgiensis membrane; Host apparatus golgiensis membrane.
SL Host Golgi apparatus membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host Golgi apparatus.
//
ID Host late endosome.
AC SL-0399
DE Host late endosomes are pleiomorphic with cisternal, tubular and
DE multivesicular regions. They are found in juxtanuclear regions and
DE concentrated at the host microtubule organizing center. They are an
DE important sorting station in the endocytic pathway. Recycling to the
DE plasma membrane and to the Golgi occurs in late endosomes.
SL Host late endosome.
HP Host endosome.
//
ID Host late endosome membrane.
AC SL-0400
DE The membrane surrounding the host late endosomes.
SY Host late endosomal membrane.
SL Host late endosome membrane.
HI Host endosome membrane.
HP Host late endosome.
//
ID Host lipid droplet.
AC SL-0401
DE The host lipid droplet is a dynamic cytoplasmic host organelle which
DE consists of an heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of lipids and
DE proteins covered by a unique phospholipid monolayer. They may play a
DE role in host lipid metabolism and storage, and they may be involved in
DE the regulation of intracellular trafficking and signal transduction.
SY Host lipid particle; Host lipid body; Host lipid bodies; Host oil body; Host oil bodies; Host oleosome; Host spherosome; Host monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body.
SL Host lipid droplet.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0551
//
ID Host lipid droplet membrane.
AC SL-0402
DE The membrane surrounding a host lipid droplet.
SL Host lipid droplet membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host lipid droplet.
//
ID Host lysosome.
AC SL-0403
DE The host lysosome is a membrane-limited organelle present in all
DE eukaryotic cells, which contains a large number of hydrolytic enzymes
DE that are used for degrading almost any kind of cellular constituent,
DE including entire organelles. The mechanisms responsible for delivering
DE cytoplasmic cargo to the host lysosome/vacuole are known collectively
DE as autophagy and play an important role in the maintenance of
DE homeostasis.
SL Host lysosome.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0458
//
ID Host lysosome membrane.
AC SL-0404
DE The membrane surrounding a host lysosome.
SY Host lysosomal membrane.
SL Host lysosome membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host lysosome.
//
ID Host membrane.
AC SL-0380
DE A host membrane is a lipid bilayer which surrounds host enclosed
DE spaces and compartments. This selectively permeable structure is
DE essential for effective separation of a host cell or organelle from
DE its surroundings.
SL Host membrane.
HI Membrane.
KW KW-0472
//
ID Host microsome.
AC SL-0405
DE The host microsomes are a heterogenous set of vesicles 20-200nm in
DE diameter and formed from the host endoplasmic reticulum when host
DE cells are disrupted.
SL Host microsome.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0492
//
ID Host microsome membrane.
AC SL-0406
DE The membrane surrounding the host microsome.
SY Host microsomal membrane.
SL Host microsome membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host microsome.
//
ID Host mitochondrion.
AC SL-0407
DE The host mitochondrion is a semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelle
DE that occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, host
DE eukaryotes. Each host mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting
DE membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its
DE projections are called cristae. They are the sites of the reactions of
DE oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP.
SL Host mitochondrion.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0496
//
ID Host mitochondrion envelope.
AC SL-0408
DE The host mitochondrial envelope comprises the inner and outer host
DE mitochondrial membrane including the mitochondrial intermembrane
DE space.
SY Host mitochondrial envelope.
SL Host mitochondrion envelope.
HP Host mitochondrion.
//
ID Host mitochondrion inner membrane.
AC SL-0409
DE The host mitochondrion inner membrane is the membrane which separates
DE the host mitochondrial matrix from the host mitochondrial
DE intermembrane space.
SY Host mitochondrial inner membrane; Host inner mitochondrial membrane.
SL Host mitochondrion inner membrane.
HI Host mitochondrion membrane.
KW KW-0999
//
ID Host mitochondrion membrane.
AC SL-0410
DE The membrane surrounding a host mitochondrion. This term is used when
DE it is not known if the protein is found in or associated with the
DE inner or outer host mitochondrial membrane.
SY Host mitochondrial membrane.
SL Host mitochondrion membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host mitochondrion envelope.
//
ID Host mitochondrion outer membrane.
AC SL-0411
DE The host mitochondrion outer membrane is the mitochondrial membrane
DE facing the cytoplasm.
SY Host mitochondrial outer membrane; Host outer mitochondrial membrane.
SL Host mitochondrion outer membrane.
HI Host mitochondrion membrane.
KW KW-1000
//
ID Host nucleolus.
AC SL-0412
DE The host nucleolus is a dark, dense, roughly spherical area of fibers
DE and granules in the host nucleus. Only plant and animal nuclei contain
DE one or more nucleoli, although some do not. No membrane separates the
DE host nucleolus from the host nucleoplasm. It mediates ribosomal RNA
DE biogenesis.
SY Host nucleoli.
SL Host nucleus, host nucleolus.
HP Host nucleus.
//
ID Host nucleoplasm.
AC SL-0413
DE The host nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid contained within the
DE host nucleus that surrounds the chromosomes and other subnuclear
DE organelles. A network of fibers known as the host nuclear matrix can
DE also be found in there.
SY Host karyolymph; Host karyoplasm.
SL Host nucleus, host nucleoplasm.
HP Host nucleus.
//
ID Host nucleus.
AC SL-0414
DE The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It
DE is a membrane-bound organelle and is surrounded by double membranes.
DE It communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear
DE pores.
SL Host nucleus.
HP Host cell.
KW KW-0539
//
ID Host nucleus envelope.
AC SL-0415
DE The host nuclear envelope is a membrane system which surrounds the
DE host nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is composed of the nuclear
DE lamina, nuclear pore complexes and two nuclear membranes. The space
DE between the two membranes is called the host nuclear intermembrane
DE space.
SY Host nuclear envelope; Host karyotheca; Host nucleolemma; Host perinuclear envelope.
SL Host nucleus envelope.
HP Host nucleus.
//
ID Host nucleus inner membrane.
AC SL-0419
DE The inner membrane surrounding the host nucleus is the membrane which
DE separates the host nuclear matrix from the host intermembrane space.
SY Host nuclear inner membrane; Host inner nuclear membrane.
SL Host nucleus inner membrane.
HI Host nucleus membrane.
//
ID Host nucleus lamina.
AC SL-0416
DE The host nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate filament
DE proteins called lamins and lamin-binding proteins that are embedded in
DE the host inner nuclear membrane.
SY Host nuclear lamina.
SL Host nucleus lamina.
HP Host nucleus envelope.
//
ID Host nucleus matrix.
AC SL-0417
DE The host nuclear matrix is a three-dimensional filamentous protein
DE network, found in the host nucleoplasm, which provides a structural
DE framework for organising host chromatin, while facilitating
DE transcription and replication.
SY Host nuclear matrix; Host nuclear scaffold; Host nuclear skeleton.
SL Host nucleus matrix.
HP Host nucleus.
//
ID Host nucleus membrane.
AC SL-0418
DE The membrane surrounding the host nucleus. This term is used when it
DE is not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner
DE or outer host nuclear membrane.
SY Host nuclear membrane.
SL Host nucleus membrane.
HI Host membrane.
HP Host endomembrane system.
HP Host nucleus envelope.
//
ID Host perinuclear region.
AC SL-0382
DE The host perinuclear region is the host cytoplasmic region just around
DE the host nucleus.
SY Host nuclear periphery; Host perinuclear region of cytoplasm.
SL Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region.
HP Host cytoplasm.
//
ID Host periplasm.
AC SL-0420
DE The host periplasm is the space between the inner and outer membrane
DE in host Gram-negative bacteria. In Gram-positive bacteria a smaller
DE periplasmic space is found between the inner membrane and the
DE peptidoglycan layer. Also used for the host intermembrane spaces of
DE host fungi and host organelles.
SY Host periplasmic space.
SL Host periplasm.
HP Host cell envelope.
KW KW-0574
//
ID Host phagosome.
AC SL-0432
DE The host phagosome is a phagocytic host cell-specific compartment.
DE These large endocytic membrane-bound vesicles form upon ingestion by
DE the host cell of extracellular materials.
SY Host phagocytic vesicle.
SL Host cytoplasmic vesicle, host phagosome.
HI Host cytoplasmic vesicle.
//
ID Host phagosome membrane.
AC SL-0433
DE The membrane surrounding a host phagosome.
SY Host phagosomal membrane; Host phagocytic vesicle membrane.
SL Host cytoplasmic vesicle, host phagosome membrane.
HI Host cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Host phagosome.
//
ID Host plasmodesma.
AC SL-0385
DE The host plasmodesma (plural host plasmodesmata) is a plasma membrane-
DE lined channel that crosses the cell wall between two adjacent host
DE plant cells and which allows a cytoplasmic exchange between the cells.
DE It provides passage of ions and small molecules, but also of
DE macromolecules such as RNA or proteins. Host plasmodesmata are
DE sheathed by a host plasma membrane that is simply an extension of the
DE cell membrane of the adjoining cells.
SY Host plasmodesmata; Host PD.
SL Host cell junction, host plasmodesma.
HI Host cell junction.
//
ID Host presynaptic cell membrane.
AC SL-0434
DE In a host chemical synapse, the host presynaptic membrane is the cell
DE membrane of an axon terminal that faces the receiving cell. The
DE postsynaptic membrane is separated from the presynaptic membrane by
DE the synaptic cleft.
SY Host presynaptic membrane.
SL Host cell junction, host synapse, host presynaptic cell membrane.
HP Host cell membrane.
HP Host synapse.
//
ID Host rough endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0422
DE The host rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the portion of the host
DE ER which is covered with ribosomes.
SY Host RER; Host rough ER.
SL Host rough endoplasmic reticulum.
HP Host endoplasmic reticulum.
//
ID Host rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0423
DE The membrane surrounding the host rough endoplasmic reticulum.
SL Host rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Host endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HP Host rough endoplasmic reticulum.
//
ID Host synapse.
AC SL-0435
DE Host synapses are the communicating cell-cell junctions that allow
DE signals to pass from a host nerve cell to a target cell. In a chemical
DE synapse, the signal is carried by a neurotransmitter which diffuses
DE across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates a receptor on the
DE postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a
DE dendrite, cell body, neuronal axon, a specialized region of a muscle
DE or a secretory cell. In an electrical synapse, a direct connection is
DE made between the cytoplasms of two cells via gap junctions.
SL Host cell junction, host synapse.
HI Host cell junction.
KW KW-0770
//
ID Hyaline layer.
AC SL-0143
DE The hyaline layer is a multilayered extracellular matrix that coats
DE the external surfaces of sea urchin and starfish embryos.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, hyaline layer.
HI Extracellular matrix.
GO GO:0033166; hyaline layer
//
ID Hydrogenosome.
AC SL-0145
DE The hydrogenosome is a redox organelle of anaerobic unicellular
DE eukaryotes which contains hydrogenase and produces hydrogen and ATP by
DE glycolysis. They are found in various unrelated eukaryotes, such as
DE anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates. Most
DE hydrogenosomes lack a genome, but some like that of the anaerobic
DE ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, have retained a rudimentary genome.
SL Hydrogenosome.
KW KW-0377
GO GO:0042566; hydrogenosome
//
ID Hydrogenosome lumen.
AC SL-0335
DE The hydrogenosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the
DE hydrogenosome, a redox organelle found in anaerobic unicellular
DE eukaryotes.
SY Hydrogenosomal lumen.
SL Hydrogenosome lumen.
HP Hydrogenosome.
//
ID Hydrogenosome membrane.
AC SL-0144
DE The membrane surrounding the hydrogenosome, a redox organelle found in
DE anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes.
SY Hydrogenosomal membrane.
SL Hydrogenosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Hydrogenosome.
GO GO:0046859; hydrogenosomal membrane
//
ID Inner membrane complex.
AC SL-0362
DE The inner membrane complex, found in apicocomplexan parasites, is
DE composed of flattened membrane cisternae closely associated to the
DE cell membrane. Together, the cell membrane and the IMC form a triple
DE lipid bilayer called the pellicle (or cell wall).
SY IMC.
SL Inner membrane complex.
HP Membrane.
//
ID Interphotoreceptor matrix.
AC SL-0146
DE In vertebrates, the photoreceptors are separated from the retinal
DE pigment epithelium by the subretinal space, which contains a
DE specialized extracellular material referred to as interphotoreceptor
DE matrix. The IPM mediates key interactions between the photoreceptors
DE and RPE including adhesion, phagocytosis, outer segment stability,
DE nutrient exchange, development, and vitamin A trafficking in the
DE visual cycle.
SY IPM.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, interphotoreceptor matrix.
HI Extracellular matrix.
GO GO:0033165; interphotoreceptor matrix
//
ID Invadopodium.
AC SL-0148
DE The invadopodium is a localized and persitent cell protrusion similar
DE to the highly dynamic podosome, but larger. These structures protrudes
DE into the extracellular matrix. Invadopodial protrusions are enriched
DE in integrins, tyrosine kinase signaling machinery, soluble and
DE membrane proteases including matrix metalloproteases, actin and actin-
DE associated proteins. Essential for physiological and pathological cell
DE invasion and metastasis these structures are involved in focalized
DE degradation of the extracellular matrix. Invadopodia form underneath
DE the cell body, often close to the nucleus and proximal to the Golgi
DE complex, and are rarely found at the cell periphery. Their half-life
DE is quite extended. As invadopodia and podosomes are similar in
DE appearance, location and composition, it is likely that a thin line
DE separates these two entities in time and function.
SY Invadopodia.
SL Cell projection, invadopodium.
HI Cell projection.
WW [Pubmed: 16546558] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Invadopodium membrane.
AC SL-0290
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding an invadopodium.
SL Cell projection, invadopodium membrane.
HP Invadopodium.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Kinetochore.
AC SL-0149
DE The kinetochore is a protein complex assembled on the centromeric
DE region of DNA. It provides the major attachement point for the spindle
DE microtubules during mitotic or meiotic division to pull the
DE chromosomes apart. In monocentric chromosomes, the kinetochores of
DE point centromeres bind a single microtubule and the larger
DE kinetochores of regional centromeres interact with a number of
DE microtubules. In holocentric chromosomes, the kinetochores bind the
DE diffuse centromere along the length of the chromosomes.
SL Kinetochore.
KW KW-0995
GO GO:0000776; kinetochore
//
ID Kinetoplast.
AC SL-0150
DE The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protozoa is termed kinetoplast
DE DNA (kDNA). kDNA is a massive network, composed of thousands of
DE topologically interlocked DNA circles. Each cell contains one network
DE condensed into a disk-shaped structure within the matrix of its single
DE mitochondrion. The kDNA circles are of two types, maxicircles present
DE in a few dozen copies and minicircles present in several thousand
DE copies.
SL Mitochondrion matrix, kinetoplast.
HP Mitochondrion matrix.
KW KW-0419
GO GO:0020023; kinetoplast
//
ID Lamellipodium.
AC SL-0291
DE The lamellipodium is a broad, flat, veil-shaped cell protrusion formed
DE at the leading edge of migrating cells. Lamellipodium contain a
DE branched dendritic network of actin filaments having their barbed ends
DE directed towards the cell membrane. It is associated with ameboid
DE motility (or crawling motility).
SY Lamellipodia; Veil.
SL Cell projection, lamellipodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0030027; lamellipodium
//
ID Lamellipodium membrane.
AC SL-0292
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.
SL Cell projection, lamellipodium membrane.
HP Lamellipodium.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031258; lamellipodium membrane
//
ID Late endosome.
AC SL-0152
DE Late endosomes are pleiomorphic with cisternal, tubular and
DE multivesicular regions. They are found in juxtanuclear regions and
DE concentrated at the microtubule organizing center. They are an
DE important sorting station in the endocytic pathway. Recycling to the
DE plasma membrane and to the Golgi occurs in late endosomes. More acidic
DE than early endosomes they are also loaded more slowly in a range of 4
DE to 30 minutes depending on the cell type. They can be distinguished
DE from lysosome for their enrichment in M6PR.
SL Late endosome.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005770; late endosome
//
ID Late endosome lumen.
AC SL-0336
DE The late endosomal comaprtment bounded by the membrane of the late
DE endosome.
SY Late endosomal lumen.
SL Late endosome lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Late endosome.
//
ID Late endosome membrane.
AC SL-0151
DE The membrane surrounding the late endosomes.
SY Late endosomal membrane.
SL Late endosome membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Late endosome.
GO GO:0031902; late endosome membrane
//
ID Lateral cell membrane.
AC SL-0153
DE The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell.
SY Lateral plasma membrane.
SL Lateral cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Lipid droplet.
AC SL-0154
DE The lipid droplet is a dynamic cytoplasmic organelle which consists of
DE an heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of lipids and proteins
DE covered by a unique phospholipid monolayer. Lipid droplets may play a
DE role in lipid metabolism and storage, and they may be involved in the
DE regulation of intracellular trafficking and signal transduction.
SY Lipid particle; Lipid body; Lipid bodies; Oil body; Oil bodies; Oleosome; Spherosome; Monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body.
SL Lipid droplet.
KW KW-0551
GO GO:0012511; monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body
//
ID Lipid droplet membrane.
AC SL-0155
DE The membrane surrounding a lipid droplet.
SL Lipid droplet membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Lipid droplet.
//
ID Lysosome.
AC SL-0158
DE The lysosome is a membrane-limited organelle present in all eukaryotic
DE cells, which contains a large number of hydrolytic enzymes that are
DE used for degrading almost any kind of cellular constituent, including
DE entire organelles. The mechanisms responsible for delivering
DE cytoplasmic cargo to the lysosome/vacuole are known collectively as
DE autophagy and play an important role in the maintenance of
DE homeostasis.
SL Lysosome.
KW KW-0458
GO GO:0005764; lysosome
//
ID Lysosome lumen.
AC SL-0156
DE The lumen of a lysosome is the volume enclosed within the lysosomal
DE membrane.
SY Lysosomal lumen.
SL Lysosome lumen.
HP Lysosome.
GO GO:0043202; lysosomal lumen
//
ID Lysosome membrane.
AC SL-0157
DE The membrane surrounding a lysosome.
SY Lysosomal membrane.
SL Lysosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Lysosome.
GO GO:0005765; lysosomal membrane
//
ID Lytic vacuole.
AC SL-0159
DE The lytic vacuole is a plant specialized vacuole equivalent to animal
DE lysosomes or yeast vacuoles, functioning as compartments for
DE degradation and waste storage.
SL Lytic vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0000323; lytic vacuole
//
ID M-band.
AC SL-0315
DE In electron micrographs of the sarcomere, the M-band appears as a
DE series of parallel electron-dense lines in the central zone of the A-
DE band impliing that the M-band is needed for the regular packing of the
DE thick filaments.
SY M line.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, M-band.
HP Sarcomere.
GO GO:0031430; M line
//
ID Melanosome.
AC SL-0161
DE The melanosome is a melanin-containing organelle found in melanocytes
DE and melanophores. Fish and amphibians possess specialized cells,
DE called melanophores, which contain hundreds of melanin-filled pigment
DE granules, termed melanosomes. The sole function of these cells is
DE pigment aggregation in the center of the cell or dispersion throughout
DE the cytoplasm. This alternative transport of pigment allows the animal
DE to effect color changes important for camouflage and social
DE interactions. Melanophores transport their pigment in response to
DE extracellular cues: neurotransmitters in the case of fish and hormonal
DE stimuli in the case of frogs. In both cases, melanosome dispersion is
DE induced by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, while aggregation
DE is triggered by depression of cAMP. The regulatory mechanisms
DE downstream of these second-messengers are poorly understood. Mammalian
DE melanocytes also produce melanosomes but, unlike melanophores, pigment
DE in these cells is transported to the cell periphery for subsequent
DE exocytosis to surrounding epithelial cells.
SL Melanosome.
GO GO:0042470; melanosome
WW http://www.proweb.org/kinesin/Melanophore.html
//
ID Melanosome lumen.
AC SL-0338
DE The melanosomal compartment bounded by the membrane surrounding a melanosome.
SY Melanosomal lumen.
SL Melanosome lumen.
HP Melanosome.
//
ID Melanosome membrane.
AC SL-0160
DE The membrane surrounding a melanosome.
SY Melanosomal membrane.
SL Melanosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Melanosome.
GO GO:0033162; melanosome membrane
//
ID Membrane.
AC SL-0162
DE A membrane is a lipid bilayer which surrounds enclosed spaces and
DE compartments. This selectively permeable structure is essential for
DE effective separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings.
DE Membranes are composed of various types of molecules such as
DE phospholipids, integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins,
DE glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. The relative amounts of these
DE components as well as the types of lipids are non-randomly distributed
DE from membrane to membrane as well as between the two leaflets of a
DE membrane.
SL Membrane.
KW KW-0472
GO GO:0016020; membrane
//
ID Membrane raft.
AC SL-0370
DE Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic,
DE sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize
DE cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form
DE larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid
DE interactions. Multiple types of rafts are likely to exist, based both
DE on their lipid and protein composition.
SY Lipid raft; Membrane microdomain; Lipid microdomain.
SL Membrane raft.
HP Endomembrane system.
GO GO:0045121; membrane raft
WW [Pubmed: 16645198] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Microneme.
AC SL-0163
DE The microneme is an Apicomplexan parasite organelle. Apicomplexa are
DE named for the unique set of morphologically distinct secretory
DE organelles (refered to as the apical complex)- micronemes, rhoptries
DE and dense granules - whose sequential secretion is required for the
DE invasion of host cells. Micronemes are the smallest, they are involved
DE in the early stages of invasion.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme.
HI Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0020009; microneme
//
ID Microneme lumen.
AC SL-0339
DE The micronemal compartment bounded by the membrane of a microneme.
SY Micronemal lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Microneme.
//
ID Microneme membrane.
AC SL-0164
DE The membrane surrounding a microneme.
SY Micronemal membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, microneme membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Microneme.
GO GO:0033163; microneme membrane
//
ID Microsome.
AC SL-0166
DE The microsomes are a heterogenous set of vesicles 20-200nm in diameter
DE and formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted.
DE The vesicles are isolated by differential centrifugation and are
DE composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles
DE and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the
DE microsomal fraction.
SL Microsome.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
KW KW-0492
GO GO:0005792; microsome
//
ID Microsome membrane.
AC SL-0165
DE The membrane surrounding the microsome.
SY Microsomal membrane.
SL Microsome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Microsome.
//
ID Microvillus.
AC SL-0293
DE Microvilli are thin cylindrical dynamic cell projections containing a
DE core bundle of actin filaments. They serve a diverse set of functions,
DE such as increasing absorptive surface area in the epithelial brush
DE border, tethering leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells or
DE participate in sperm-oocyte fusion.
SY Microvilli.
SL Cell projection, microvillus.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0005902; microvillus
//
ID Microvillus membrane.
AC SL-0294
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a microvillus.
SY Microvillar membrane.
SL Cell projection, microvillus membrane.
HP Microvillus.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031528; microvillus membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion.
AC SL-0173
DE The mitochondrion is a semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelle that
DE occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes.
DE Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The
DE inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called
DE cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative
DE phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. The size and
DE coding capacity of the mitochondrial DNA varies considerably in
DE different organisms, and encodes rRNAs, tRNAs and essential
DE mitochondrial proteins.
SL Mitochondrion.
KW KW-0496
GO GO:0005739; mitochondrion
//
ID Mitochondrion envelope.
AC SL-0167
DE The mitochondrial envelope comprises the inner and outer mitochondrial
DE membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Mitochondrial envelope.
SL Mitochondrion envelope.
HP Mitochondrion.
GO GO:0005740; mitochondrial envelope
//
ID Mitochondrion inner membrane.
AC SL-0168
DE The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is the membrane which separates
DE the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.
SY Mitochondrial inner membrane; Inner mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion inner membrane.
HI Mitochondrion membrane.
KW KW-0999
GO GO:0005743; mitochondrial inner membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion intermembrane space.
AC SL-0169
DE The mitochondrial intermembrane space is the space between inner and
DE outer mitochondrial membrane.
SY Mitochondrial intermembrane space; Mitochondrial periplasm; Mitochondrial periplasmic space.
SL Mitochondrion intermembrane space.
HP Mitochondrion envelope.
GO GO:0005758; mitochondrial intermembrane space
//
ID Mitochondrion matrix.
AC SL-0170
DE The matrix of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrion internal spaces
DE enclosed by the inner membrane. Several of the steps in cellular
DE respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of
DE enzymes.
SY Mitochondrial matrix.
SL Mitochondrion matrix.
HP Mitochondrion.
GO GO:0005759; mitochondrial matrix
//
ID Mitochondrion membrane.
AC SL-0171
DE The membrane surrounding a mitochondrion. This term is used when it is
DE not known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or
DE outer mitochondrial membrane.
SY Mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Mitochondrion envelope.
GO GO:0031966; mitochondrial membrane
//
ID Mitochondrion nucleoid.
AC SL-0269
DE The mitochondrial nucleoid is the mitochondrial pseudocompartment
DE formed by the chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally
DE equivalent to the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SY Mitochondrial nucleoid.
SL Mitochondrion matrix, mitochondrion nucleoid.
HP Mitochondrion matrix.
GO GO:0042645; mitochondrial nucleoid
//
ID Mitochondrion outer membrane.
AC SL-0172
DE The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is the mitochondrial membrane
DE facing the cytoplasm.
SY Mitochondrial outer membrane; Outer mitochondrial membrane.
SL Mitochondrion outer membrane.
HI Mitochondrion membrane.
KW KW-1000
GO GO:0005741; mitochondrial outer membrane
//
ID Mitosome.
AC SL-0437
DE The mitosome is an organelle found in "amitochondrial" unicellular
DE organisms which do not have the capability of gaining energy from
DE oxidative phosphorylation. Mitosomes are almost certainly derived from
DE mitochondria, they have a double membrane and most proteins are
DE delivered to them by a targeting sequence. Unlike mitochondria,
DE mitosomes do not contain any DNA. The mitosome functions in iron-
DE sulphur cluster assembly.
SL Mitosome.
KW KW-1025
//
ID Mitosome envelope.
AC SL-0438
DE The mitosomal envelope comprises the inner and outer mitosomal
DE membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Mitosomal envelope.
SL Mitosome envelope.
HP Mitosome.
//
ID Mitosome inner membrane.
AC SL-0439
DE The inner membrane of a mitosome is the membrane which separates the
DE mitosomal matrix from the intermembrane space.
SY Mitosomal inner membrane; Inner mitosomal membrane.
SL Mitosome inner membrane.
HI Mitosome membrane.
//
ID Mitosome intermembrane space.
AC SL-0440
DE The mitosomal intermembrane space is the space between inner and outer
DE mitosomal membranes.
SY Mitosomal intermembrane space; Mitosomal periplasm; Mitosomal periplasmic space.
SL Mitosome intermembrane space.
HP Mitosome envelope.
//
ID Mitosome matrix.
AC SL-0441
DE The matrix of a mitosome is the mitosomal internal spaces enclosed by
DE the inner membrane.
SY Mitosomal matrix.
SL Mitosome matrix.
HP Mitosome.
//
ID Mitosome membrane.
AC SL-0442
DE The membrane surrounding a mitosome. This term is used when it is not
DE known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer
DE mitosomal membrane.
SY Mitosomal membrane.
SL Mitosome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Mitosome envelope.
//
ID Mitosome outer membrane.
AC SL-0443
DE The outer membrane of a mitosome is the mitosomal membrane facing the
DE cytoplasm.
SY Mitosomal outer membrane; Outer mitosomal membrane.
SL Mitosome outer membrane.
HI Mitosome membrane.
//
ID Multivesicular body.
AC SL-0174
DE The multivesicular bodies are a type of late endosome containing
DE internal vesicles formed following the inward budding of the outer
DE endosomal membrane. The contents of the MVBs are then released into
DE the lysosome lumen. The proteins found in the limiting membrane of
DE MVBs are recycled to other compartments.
SY MVB; Multivesicular bodies; Endosomal carrier vesicle; ECV; Corpuscula multivesicularis.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0005771; multivesicular body
WW http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMMVBE.html
//
ID Multivesicular body lumen.
AC SL-0340
DE The multivesicular body compartment bounded by the membrane of the multivesicular bodies.
SY MVB lumen; Multivesicular bodies lumen; Endosomal carrier vesicle lumen; ECV lumen; Corpuscula multivesicularis lumen.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Multivesicular body.
//
ID Multivesicular body membrane.
AC SL-0175
DE The membrane surrounding the multivesicular bodies.
SY MVB membrane; Multivesicular bodies membrane; Endosomal carrier vesicle membrane; ECV membrane; Corpuscula multivesicularis membrane.
SL Endosome, multivesicular body membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Multivesicular body.
//
ID Myelin membrane.
AC SL-0176
DE The myelin membrane is the white matter coating our nerves, enabling
DE them to conduct impulses between the brain and other parts of the
DE body. It consists of a layer of proteins packed between two layers of
DE lipids. This specialized cell membrane is produced by oligodendrocytes
DE in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells in the peripheral
DE nervous system. Myelin sheaths wrap themselves around axons, the
DE threadlike extensions of neurons that make up nerve fibers. Each
DE oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons. The major function of
DE myelin is to increase the velocity of propagation of nerve impulses.
SY Myelin; Myelin sheath.
SL Myelin membrane.
HI Cell membrane.
GO GO:0043209; myelin sheath
WW http://www.myelin.org/
//
ID Myofibril.
AC SL-0312
DE A myofibril is a long cylindrical organelle found in muscle cells
DE formed by two transverse filament systems: the thick and thin
DE filaments. The thin filament is composed primarily of actin; it is
DE tethered at one end to the Z-disk, and it interdigitates with the
DE thick filaments. The main constituent of the thick filament is myosin;
DE the direction of the myosin heads changes polarity at the M-line,
DE allowing interaction with the thin filaments anchored from the next
DE adjacent Z-disk. A third and a fourth filament complex exist,
DE comprising the giant proteins titin and nebulin.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril.
HI Sarcoplasm.
GO GO:0030016; myofibril
//
ID Nematocyst.
AC SL-0177
DE The nematocyst is an organelle found in nematoblast (cnidoblast)
DE cells. When matured, these stinging organelles store toxins and can
DE deliver them when the cnidocil (a short extension of the nematocyst)
DE is stimulated by a prey or another stimulus. These proteins are
DE principally found in anemones and jellyfishes.
SY Cnidocyst.
SL Nematocyst.
KW KW-0166
GO GO:0042151; nematocyst
//
ID Nuclear pore complex.
AC SL-0185
DE The nuclear pore complex (NPC) constitutes the exclusive means of
DE nucleocytoplasmic transport in eukaryotes during interphase. NPCs
DE allow the passive diffusion of ions and small molecules (up to about
DE 20 kDa or 5 nm) and the active, nuclear transport receptor
DE (karyopherin: importin and exportin)-mediated bidirectional transport
DE of macromolecules such as proteins, RNAs, ribonucleoprotein (RNPs),
DE and ribosomal subunits (up to about 10 MDa) across the double-membrane
DE nuclear envelope. NPC components, collectively referred to as
DE nucleoporins (NUPs), can play the role of both NPC structural
DE components and of docking or interaction partners for transiently
DE associated nuclear transport factors. The NPC is composed of at least
DE 30 distinct subunits, shows 8-fold rotational symmetry with
DE specialized structures on the cyto- and nucleoplasmic side and in the
DE nuclear envelope embedded core. The MW varies from about 44-60 MDa in
DE S. cerevisiae to 60-120 MDa in vertebrates, yet the overall
DE architecture is conserved.
SY NPC; Nuclear pore.
SL Nucleus, nuclear pore complex.
HP Nucleus envelope.
KW KW-0906
GO GO:0005643; nuclear pore
//
ID Nucleoid.
AC SL-0187
DE The nucleoid is the prokaryotic pseudocompartment formed by the
DE chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally equivalent to
DE the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SL Cytoplasm, nucleoid.
HP Cytoplasm.
//
ID Nucleolus.
AC SL-0188
DE The nucleolus is a dark, dense, roughly spherical area of fibers and
DE granules in the nucleus. Only plant and animal nuclei contain one or
DE more nucleoli, although some do not. No membrane separates the
DE nucleolus from the nucleoplasm. The nucleolus mediates the ribosomal
DE RNA biogenesis. It is organized from the "nucleolar organizing
DE regions" on a number of different chromosomes which cluster and
DE transcribe ribosomal RNA. These regions are seen as circular areas
DE surrounded by a rim of electron dense filaments, collectively called
DE the pars fibrosa (PF), which are formed from newly transcribed
DE ribosomal RNA. PF then link to proteins and leads to accumulation of
DE ribonucleoprotein particles in the pars granulosa (PG). These
DE particles form the large and small ribosomal subunits which are then
DE transported out of the nuclear pores separately. The pores do not
DE accommodate the assembled ribosomes, therefore, they cannot reenter.
SY Nucleoli.
SL Nucleus, nucleolus.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0005730; nucleolus
//
ID Nucleomorph.
AC SL-0189
DE Nucleomorphs are vestigial endosymbiont found in cryptomonads and
DE chlorachniophytes algae. These organisms respectively retain an
DE enslaved red or green algal nucleus.
SL Nucleomorph.
KW KW-0542
GO GO:0033009; nucleomorph
//
ID Nucleoplasm.
AC SL-0190
DE The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid contained within the
DE nucleus that surrounds the chromosomes and other subnuclear
DE organelles. A network of fibers known as the nuclear matrix can also
DE be found in the nucleoplasm.
SY Karyolymph; Karyoplasm.
SL Nucleus, nucleoplasm.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0005654; nucleoplasm
//
ID Nucleus.
AC SL-0191
DE The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It
DE is a membrane-bound organelle surrounded by double membranes which
DE contains most of the cell's genetic material. It communicates with the
DE surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores.
SY Nuclei; Nuclear.
SL Nucleus.
KW KW-0539
GO GO:0005634; nucleus
//
ID Nucleus envelope.
AC SL-0178
DE The nuclear envelope is a membrane system which surrounds the
DE nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is composed of the nuclear lamina,
DE nuclear pore complexes and two nuclear membranes. The space between
DE the two membranes is called the nuclear intermembrane space.
SY Nuclear envelope; Karyotheca; Nucleolemma; Perinuclear envelope.
SL Nucleus envelope.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0005635; nuclear envelope
WW http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/life_sciences/biomed/bscb/softcell/ne.html
//
ID Nucleus inner membrane.
AC SL-0179
DE The inner membrane of the nucleus is the membrane which separates the
DE nuclear matrix from the intermembrane space. In mammals, the inner
DE nuclear membrane is associated with heterochromatin and the nuclear
DE lamina.
SY Nuclear inner membrane; Inner nuclear membrane.
SL Nucleus inner membrane.
HI Nucleus membrane.
GO GO:0005637; nuclear inner membrane
//
ID Nucleus intermembrane space.
AC SL-0184
DE The nuclear intermembrane space is the space between the inner and
DE outer nuclear membranes.
SY Nuclear intermembrane space; Nuclear envelope lumen; Nucleus envelope lumen; Perinuclear space; Nuclear periplasmic space; Nuclear periplasm.
SL Nucleus intermembrane space.
HP Nucleus envelope.
GO GO:0005641; nuclear envelope lumen
//
ID Nucleus lamina.
AC SL-0180
DE The nuclear lamina is a meshwork of intermediate filament proteins
DE called lamins and lamin-binding proteins that are embedded in the
DE inner nuclear membrane.
SY Nuclear lamina.
SL Nucleus lamina.
HP Nucleus envelope.
GO GO:0005652; nuclear lamina
//
ID Nucleus matrix.
AC SL-0181
DE The nuclear matrix is a three-dimensional filamentous protein network,
DE found in the nucleoplasm, which provides a structural framework for
DE organising chromatin, while facilitating transcription and
DE replication.
SY Nuclear matrix; Nuclear scaffold; Nuclear skeleton.
SL Nucleus matrix.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0016363; nuclear matrix
//
ID Nucleus membrane.
AC SL-0182
DE The membrane surrounding the nucleus. This term is used when it is not
DE known if the protein is found in or associated with the inner or outer
DE nuclear membrane.
SY Nuclear membrane.
SL Nucleus membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Nucleus envelope.
GO GO:0031965; nuclear membrane
//
ID Nucleus outer membrane.
AC SL-0183
DE The outer membrane of the nucleus is the membrane facing the
DE cytoplasm. In mammals, the outer nuclear membrane is continuous in
DE many places with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is dotted with
DE ribosomes.
SY Nuclear outer membrane; Outer nuclear membrane.
SL Nucleus outer membrane.
HI Nucleus membrane.
GO GO:0005640; nuclear outer membrane
//
ID Nucleus speckle.
AC SL-0186
DE The nuclear speckles are small subnuclear membraneless organelles or
DE structures, also called the splicing factor (SF) compartments that
DE correspond to nuclear domains located in interchromatin regions of the
DE nucleoplasm of mammalian cells. Protein found in speckles serves as a
DE reservoir of factors that participate in transcription and pre-mRNA
DE processing. Speckles appear, at the immunofluorescence-microscope
DE level, as irregular, punctuate structures, which vary in size and
DE shape. Usually 25-50 speckles are observed per interphase mammalian
DE nucleus. At the electronic-microscope level, they are composed of
DE heterogeneous mixture of electro-dense particles with diameters
DE ranging from 20-25 nm and are called interchromatin granules clusters
DE (IGCs). Speckles are dynamic structures. Both their protein and RNA-
DE protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other
DE nuclear locations depending on the transcriptional state of the cell.
DE Structures similar to nuclear speckles have been identified in the
DE amphibian oocyte nucleus (called B snurposomes) and in Drosophila
DE melanogaster embryos, but not in yeast.
SY Nuclear speckle; Nuclear speck; Splicing Factor compartments; SF compartments;
SY Splicing speckle; Interchromatin granules clusters; IGC; B snurposome.
SL Nucleus speckle.
HP Nucleus.
GO GO:0016607; nuclear speck
//
ID Organellar chromatophore.
AC SL-0351
DE The organellar chromatophore is the photosynthetic inclusion found in
DE Paulinella chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba. It probably
DE derives from a different endosymbiotic event than that which led to
DE all other plastids; the question is open as to whether or not this is
DE a true plastid. Houses the machinery necessary for photosynthesis and
DE CO(2) fixation and may also be able to make a few amino acids, a few
DE fatty acid and 2 cofactors. They are surrounded by 2 membranes,
DE between which is found a residual peptidoglycan wall, and contain
DE thylakoids.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore.
HI Plastid.
KW KW-0994
//
ID Organellar chromatophore inner membrane.
AC SL-0359
DE The organellar chromatophore inner membrane is the membrane which
DE separates the chromatophore stroma from the intermembrane space. Found
DE exclusively in Paulinella chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate
DE amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore inner membrane.
HI Organellar chromatophore membrane.
HI Plastid inner membrane.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore intermembrane space.
AC SL-0360
DE The intermembrane space between the inner and the outer organellar
DE chromatophore membranes. Found exclusively in Paulinella
DE chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore intermembrane space.
HI Plastid intermembrane space.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore membrane.
AC SL-0352
DE One of the membranes of an organellar chromatophore. This term is used
DE when it is not known with which membrane (outer membrane, inner
DE membrane or thylakoid) a protein is associated. Found exclusively in
DE Paulinella chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore outer membrane.
AC SL-0361
DE The organellar chromatophore outer membrane is the organellar
DE chromatophore membrane facing the cytoplasm. Found exclusively in
DE Paulinella chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore outer membrane.
HI Organellar chromatophore membrane.
HI Plastid outer membrane.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore stroma.
AC SL-0353
DE The internal space enclosed by the organellar chromatophore double
DE membrane but excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled with a
DE colorless hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some
DE temporary products of photosynthesis; other biosynthetic functions
DE that could also occur there include amino acid, fatty acid and some
DE cofactor biosynthesis. Found exclusively in Paulinella chromatophora,
DE a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SY Organellar chromatophore plasma.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore stroma.
HI Plastid stroma.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore thylakoid.
AC SL-0354
DE The thylakoid of an organellar chromatophore is an internal system of
DE interconnected membranes that carry the complexes for the light
DE reactions of photosynthesis. Found exclusively in Paulinella
DE chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore thylakoid.
HI Plastid thylakoid.
HP Organellar chromatophore.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0355
DE The organellar chromatophore thylakoid lumen is the compartment
DE bounded by the thylakoid membrane. Found exclusively in Paulinella
DE chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore thylakoid lumen.
HI Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Organellar chromatophore thylakoid.
//
ID Organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0356
DE The organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane is an internal system
DE of interconnected membranes that house the complexes which carry out
DE the light reactions of photosynthesis. Found exclusively in Paulinella
DE chromatophora, a photosynthetic thecate amoeba.
SL Plastid, organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane.
HI Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HP Organellar chromatophore thylakoid.
//
ID Paranodal septate junction.
AC SL-0192
DE The paranodal septate junction (PSJ) in vertebrate species is an
DE occluding complex which occurs between neurons and the glial cells
DE that myelinate them, the oligodendrocytes and the Schwann cells. Each
DE glial cell wraps around and contacts the neuron multiple times in a
DE spiral pattern to form the paranodal loops. The paranodal loops
DE tightly adhere to the axon through a continuous spiral of axo-glial
DE junctions that resemble invertebrate septate junctions (SJs). The
DE paranodal loops are a spiraled cytoplasmic channel that is contiguous
DE with the perikaryon of the myelin forming cell and thus can serve as a
DE conduit for transmitting axonally induced signals that could regulate
DE glial gene transcription. These junctions also form a physical barrier
DE that prevents diffusion of nodal sodium channels and juxtaparanodal
DE potassium channels. Axo-glial paranodal junctions, therefore, share
DE adhesion, diffusion barrier and putative intercellular communication
DE functions with invertebrate SJs.
SY PSJ; Paranodal junction.
SL Cell junction, paranodal septate junction.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0033010; paranodal junction
//
ID Parasitophorous vacuole.
AC SL-0194
DE The parasitophorous vacuole is a vacuole found in the host cells where
DE most apicomplexan parasites reside and develop. During host cell
DE invasion, the apicomplexan parasites initiate the formation of a
DE membrane (the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane), which surrounds the
DE intracellular parasite. of phagolysosomes.
SL Parasitophorous vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0020003; parasitophorous vacuole
//
ID Parasitophorous vacuole lumen.
AC SL-0341
DE The parasitophorous vacuole compartment bounded by the membrane of the
DE parasitophorous vacuole.
SY Parasitophorous vacuolar lumen.
SL Parasitophorous vacuole lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Parasitophorous vacuole.
//
ID Parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
AC SL-0193
DE The membrane surrounding the parasitophorous vacuole.
SY Parasitophorous vacuolar membrane.
SL Parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Parasitophorous vacuole.
GO GO:0020005; parasitophorous vacuolar membrane
//
ID Peribacteroid membrane.
AC SL-0195
DE Symbiosis leads to the formation of a new compartment in the plant
DE cell when bacteria enter the plant cell by endocytosis, the
DE symbiosome. This compartment harbours the bacteroids surrounded by a
DE peribacteroid membrane (PMB) originating from the plant plasma
DE membrane. The space between this membrane and the bacteroid membrane
DE is called the peribacteroid space.
SL Symbiosome, peribacteroid membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Symbiosome.
//
ID Peribacteroid space.
AC SL-0196
DE Symbiosis lead to the formation of a new compartment in the plant cell
DE when bacteria enter the plant cell by endocytosis. This compartment
DE harbours the bacteroids surrounded by a peribacteroid membrane (PMB)
DE originating from the plant plasma membrane. The space between this
DE membrane and the bacteroid membrane is called the peribacteroid space.
SL Symbiosome, peribacteroid space.
HP Symbiosome.
//
ID Perikaryon.
AC SL-0197
DE The perikaryon is the cell body of a neuron.
SY Perikarya; cell body.
SL Perikaryon.
GO GO:0043204; perikaryon
//
ID Perinuclear region.
AC SL-0198
DE The perinuclear region is the cytoplasmic region just around the
DE nucleus.
SY Nuclear periphery; Perinuclear region of cytoplasm.
SL Cytoplasm, perinuclear region.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0048471; perinuclear region of cytoplasm
//
ID Perinuclear theca.
AC SL-0199
DE The perinuclear theca is a cytoskeletal structure that covers the
DE nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the
DE insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal
DE layer or perforatorium and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic
DE system, the postacrosomal sheath.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, perinuclear theca.
HP Cytoskeleton.
GO GO:0033011; perinuclear theca
//
ID Periplasm.
AC SL-0200
DE The periplasm is the space between the inner and outer membrane in
DE Gram-negative bacteria. In Gram-positive bacteria a smaller
DE periplasmic space is found between the inner membrane and the
DE peptidoglycan layer. Also used for the intermembrane spaces of fungi
DE and organelles.
SY Periplasmic space.
SL Periplasm.
HP Cell envelope.
KW KW-0574
GO GO:0042597; periplasmic space
//
ID Periplasmic flagellum.
AC SL-0201
DE Spirochetes have a flagellum that resides inside the cell within the
DE periplasmic space. The number of flagella varies from species to
DE species. The rotation of these structures results in specific
DE movements of the cell body, which in turn enable the locomotion of the
DE cell. In particular they impart spirochetes the ability to propel
DE themselves through viscous media that would inhibit the rotation of
DE external flagellar filaments.
SY Periplasmic fibril; Endoflagellum.
SL Periplasmic flagellum.
HI Bacterial flagellum.
GO GO:0055040; periplasmic flagellum
WW [Pubmed: 15170401] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Perispore.
AC SL-0367
DE Protein found in the perispore. The perispore corresponds to the outer
DE surface layer of mature bacterial spores and eukaryotic spores. The
DE perispore, also called perine or exosporium, represents the primary
DE contact surface between the spore and environment/host and is a site
DE of spore antigens.
SY Perine; Exosporium.
SL Spore wall, perispore.
HP Spore wall.
//
ID Peroxisome.
AC SL-0204
DE The peroxisome is a small eukaryotic organelle limited by a single
DE membrane, specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions. Contains
DE mainly peroxidases, several other oxidases and catalase. The catalase
DE regulates the contents of the produced toxic hydrogen peroxide thus
DE protecting the cell. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is another major
DE function of peroxisomes. In plants and fungi this degradation occurs
DE only in this cellular compartment.
SL Peroxisome.
KW KW-0576
GO GO:0005777; peroxisome
//
ID Peroxisome matrix.
AC SL-0202
DE The matrix of a peroxisome is the area enclosed by the peroxisomal
DE membrane.
SY Peroxisomal matrix.
SL Peroxisome matrix.
HP Peroxisome.
GO GO:0005782; peroxisomal matrix
//
ID Peroxisome membrane.
AC SL-0203
DE The membrane surrounding a peroxysome.
SY Peroxisomal membrane.
SL Peroxisome membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Peroxisome.
GO GO:0005778; peroxisomal membrane
//
ID Phagosome.
AC SL-0206
DE The phagosome is a phagocytic cell-specific compartment. These large
DE endocytic membrane-bound vesicles form upon ingestion by the cell of
DE extracellular materials.
SY Phagocytic vesicle.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0045335; phagocytic vesicle
//
ID Phagosome lumen.
AC SL-0342
DE The phagosomal compartment bounded by the membrane a phagosome.
SY Phagosomal lumen; Phagocytic vesicle lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Phagosome.
//
ID Phagosome membrane.
AC SL-0205
DE The membrane surrounding a phagosome.
SY Phagosomal membrane; Phagocytic vesicle membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, phagosome membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Phagosome.
GO GO:0030670; phagocytic vesicle membrane
//
ID Phragmoplast.
AC SL-0207
DE The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during
DE late cytokinesis. This complex assembly of microtubules, actin
DE filaments and associated molecules acts as a framework for cell plate
DE assembly and subsequent formation of the future cell wall separating
DE the two daughter cells.
SL Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, phragmoplast.
HP Cytoskeleton.
GO GO:0009524; phragmoplast
//
ID Plasmodesma.
AC SL-0208
DE The plasmodesma (plural plasmodesmata) is a plasma membrane-lined
DE channel that crosses the cell wall between two adjacent plant cells
DE and which allows a cytoplasmic exchange between the cells. It provides
DE passage of ions and small molecules, but also of macromolecules such
DE as RNA or proteins. Plasmodesmata are sheathed by a plasma membrane
DE that is simply an extension of the cell membrane of the adjoining
DE cells. Most plasmodesmata have a narrow cylindrical desmotubule at the
DE center that is derived from the ER and appears to be continuous with
DE the ER of both cells.
SY Plasmodesmata; PD.
SL Cell junction, plasmodesma.
HI Cell junction.
GO GO:0009506; plasmodesma
//
ID Plastid.
AC SL-0209
DE The plastid is a semi-autonomous, self-reproducing organelle. Plastids
DE are remnants of a photosynthetic organism that was engulfed by the
DE host, although not all are now photosynthetic. Plastid genomes encode
DE genes for rRNAs, tRNAs and between about 28 and 150 proteins. Plastids
DE can be categorized in 4 main groups: chloroplasts, cyanelles,
DE apicoplasts and non-photosynthetic. The later is found is some land
DE plants (Epifagus virginiana), chlorophyte algae (Prototheca
DE wickerhamii) and euglenoids (Astasis longa), which do not encode the
DE genes necessary for photosynthesis and so are not photosynthetic but
DE still contain a plastid. They probably do not contain thylakoids.
SL Plastid.
KW KW-0934
GO GO:0009536; plastid
//
ID Plastid envelope.
AC SL-0210
DE The envelope of a plastid comprises the inner and outer plastid
DE membrane including the intermembrane space.
SY Plastidic envelope.
SL Plastid envelope.
HP Plastid.
GO GO:0009526; plastid envelope
//
ID Plastid inner membrane.
AC SL-0211
DE The inner membrane of a plastid separates the plastid stroma from the
DE intermembrane space.
SY Plastidic inner membrane; Inner plastid membrane; Inner plastidic membrane.
SL Plastid inner membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
KW KW-1001
GO GO:0009528; plastid inner membrane
//
ID Plastid intermembrane space.
AC SL-0212
DE The plastid intermembrane space is the space between the plastid inner
DE and outer membranes.
SY Plastidic intermembrane space.
SL Plastid intermembrane space.
HP Plastid envelope.
GO GO:0009529; plastid intermembrane space
//
ID Plastid membrane.
AC SL-0213
DE The membrane surrounding or within a plastid. Also used when it is not
DE clear in which plastid membrane (outer membrane, inner membrane or
DE thylakoid) a protein is found.
SY Plastidic membrane.
SL Plastid membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Plastid envelope.
GO GO:0042170; plastid membrane
//
ID Plastid nucleoid.
AC SL-0140
DE The plastid nucleoid is the plastidic pseudocompartment formed by the
DE chromatin-dense area. This region, which is functionally equivalent to
DE the eukaryotic nucleus, is not surrounded by a membrane.
SY Plastidic nucleoid.
SL Plastid stroma, plastid nucleoid.
HP Plastid stroma.
GO GO:0042646; plastid nucleoid
//
ID Plastid outer membrane.
AC SL-0214
DE The outer membrane of a plastid is the membrane facing the cytoplasm.
SY Plastidic outer membrane; Outer plastid membrane; Outer plastidic membrane.
SL Plastid outer membrane.
HI Plastid membrane.
KW KW-1002
GO GO:0009527; plastid outer membrane
//
ID Plastid stroma.
AC SL-0215
DE The stroma of a plastid is the internal space enclosed by the plastid
DE double membrane but excluding the thylakoid space. This space, filled
DE with a colorless hydrophilic matrix.
SY Plastidic stroma.
SL Plastid stroma.
HP Plastid.
GO GO:0009532; plastid stroma
//
ID Plastid thylakoid.
AC SL-0278
DE The thylakoid of a plastid is an internal system of interconnected
DE membranes found within a plastid.
SY Plastidic thylakoid.
SL Plastid thylakoid.
HP Plastid.
GO GO:0031976; plastid thylakoid
//
ID Plastid thylakoid lumen.
AC SL-0309
DE The plastid thylakoid lumen is the plastid compartment bounded by the
DE thylakoid membranes.
SY Plastid thylakoidal lumen.
SL Plastid thylakoid lumen.
HP Plastid thylakoid.
GO GO:0031978; plastid thylakoid lumen
//
ID Plastid thylakoid membrane.
AC SL-0216
DE The thylakoid membranes of a plastid is an internal system of
DE interconnected membranes found in a plastid.
SY Plastid thylakoidal membrane.
SL Plastid thylakoid membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Plastid thylakoid.
GO GO:0055035; plastid thylakoid membrane
//
ID Plastoglobule.
AC SL-0217
DE A plastoglobule is a conspicuous lipid-containing structure in the
DE chloroplast stroma thought to serve as lipid reservoirs for thylakoid
DE membranes.
SL Plastid, chloroplast, plastoglobule.
HP Chloroplast.
GO GO:0010287; plastoglobule
//
ID Podosome.
AC SL-0295
DE The podosome is a ring-like cell protrusion. Podosomes are composed of
DE an actin-bundle core, flanked by a ring containing adhesion proteins
DE connected to the core via dome-like radial actin fibers. Podosomes are
DE rich in actin filaments, matrix-degrading enzymes, focal adhesion
DE molecules and molecules involved in vesicle trafficking. These
DE structures protrudes into the extracellular matrix and are essential
DE for invasion and metastasis. Classical podosomes are highly dynamic
DE structures formed by cell types of monocytic origin, such as
DE macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts.
SL Cell projection, podosome.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0002102; podosome
//
ID Podosome membrane.
AC SL-0296
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a podosome.
SY Podosomal membrane.
SL Cell projection, podosome membrane.
HP Podosome.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Pollen coat.
AC SL-0371
DE The relatively impermeable, lipidic layer which surrounds the outer
DE exine layer of a pollen grain.
SY Pollenkitt.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, pollen coat.
HI Extracellular matrix.
//
ID Porosome.
AC SL-0218
DE The porosome is an actin-regulated dynamic structure at the cell
DE membrane, where membrane-bound secretory vesicles dock and fuse to
DE release their contents.
SL Cell membrane, porosome.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0033012; porosome
//
ID Postsynaptic cell membrane.
AC SL-0219
DE In a chemical synapse, the postsynaptic membrane is the membrane that
DE receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell
DE and responds via depolarisation or hyperpolarisation. The postsynaptic
DE membrane is separated from the presynaptic membrane by the synaptic
DE cleft.
SY Postsynaptic membrane.
SL Cell junction, synapse, postsynaptic cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
HP Synapse.
KW KW-0628
GO GO:0045211; postsynaptic membrane
//
ID Postsynaptic density.
AC SL-0297
DE The postsynaptic membrane contains a high concentration of glutamate
DE receptors, associated signaling proteins, and cytoskeletal elements,
DE all assembled by a variety of scaffold proteins into an organized
DE structure called the postsynaptic density (PSD). A complex machine
DE made of hundreds of distinct proteins, the PSD dynamically changes its
DE structure and composition during development and in response to
DE synaptic activity.
SY PSD.
SL Cell junction, synapse, postsynaptic cell membrane, postsynaptic density.
HP Postsynaptic cell membrane.
GO GO:0014069; postsynaptic density
//
ID Preautophagosomal structure.
AC SL-0220
DE The pre-autophagosomal structure is the potential site of organization
DE for autophagosome formation located near the vacuole.
SY PAS; Pre-autophagosomal structure.
SL Preautophagosomal structure.
GO GO:0000407; pre-autophagosomal structure
//
ID Preautophagosomal structure membrane.
AC SL-0221
DE The membrane surrounding the pre-autophagosomal structure.
SY PAS membrane; Pre-autophagosomal structure membrane.
SL Preautophagosomal structure membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Preautophagosomal structure.
//
ID Presynaptic cell membrane.
AC SL-0222
DE In a chemical synapse, the presynaptic membrane is the cell membrane
DE of an axon terminal that faces the receiving cell. The postsynaptic
DE membrane is separated from the presynaptic membrane by the synaptic
DE cleft.
SY Presynaptic membrane.
SL Cell junction, synapse, presynaptic cell membrane.
HP Cell membrane.
HP Synapse.
GO GO:0042734; presynaptic membrane
//
ID Prevacuolar compartment.
AC SL-0223
DE The prevacuolar compartment is an endocytic multivesiculate
DE compartment involved in Golgi-vacuole trafficking.
SY PVC.
SL Prevacuolar compartment.
GO GO:0005770; late endosome
//
ID Prevacuolar compartment lumen.
AC SL-0343
DE The PVC compartment bounded by the membrane of the PVC.
SY PVC lumen.
SL Prevacuolar compartment lumen.
HP Prevacuolar compartment.
//
ID Prevacuolar compartment membrane.
AC SL-0224
DE The membrane surrounding the prevacuolar compartment.
SY PVC membrane.
SL Prevacuolar compartment membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Prevacuolar compartment.
GO GO:0031902; late endosome membrane
//
ID Primary cell wall.
AC SL-0225
DE Trimary cell wall is the first-formed wall layer of still growing
DE plant cells (at least potentially). This wall is part of the apoplast
DE which itself is largely self-contiguous and contains everything that
DE is located between the plasma membrane and the cuticle. Primary walls
DE are composed predominantly of polysaccharides, smaller proportions of
DE glycoproteins and, in some specialized cell types, various
DE noncarbohydrate substances such as lignin, suberin, cutin, cutan or
DE silica. It is strong but usually thin, flexible, and capable of both
DE plastic and elastic extension. It governs the rate and direction of
DE cell expansion, and thus the ultimate size and shape of the cell.
SL Secreted, primary cell wall.
HI Cell wall.
GO GO:0009530; primary cell wall
//
ID Prolamellar body.
AC SL-0226
DE The prolamellar body is a paracrystalline lattice found in the
DE plastids of etiolated plants (etioplasts). Upon greening it gives rise
DE to thylakoids.
SY Etioplast prolamellar body.
SL Plastid, etioplast, prolamellar body.
HP Etioplast.
GO GO:0009541; etioplast prolamellar body
//
ID Prospore.
AC SL-0369
DE The prospore or immature spore is formed during sporulation by the
DE engulfment of the post-meiotic nuclei by the prospore double membrane.
DE These prospores are then maturated into spores with the synthesis of
DE the spore wall.
SY Prespore.
SL Prospore.
//
ID Prospore membrane.
AC SL-0368
DE The prospore membrane is a double membrane which forms at the spindle
DE pole body outer plaque during the second meiotic division of the
DE sporulation process. The prospore membrane grows larger and finally
DE engulfs the post-meiotic nuclei to form immature spores called
DE prospores. The de novo synthesis of the spore wall occurs in the
DE prospore intermembrane space and leads to mature spores.
SY Prespore membrane.
SL Prospore membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Prospore.
//
ID Protein storage vacuole.
AC SL-0228
DE The protein storage vacuole (PSV) is a specialized vacuole where
DE storage proteins accumulate. These act as a source of amino acids for
DE various SYnthetic activities.
SY PSV; Storage vacuole.
SL Protein storage vacuole.
HI Vacuole.
GO GO:0000326; protein storage vacuole
//
ID Protein storage vacuole lumen.
AC SL-0344
DE The protein storage vacuolar compartment bounded by the membrane of
DE the protein storage vacuole.
SY Protein storage vacuolar lumen.
SL Protein storage vacuole lumen.
HI Vacuole lumen.
HP Protein storage vacuole.
//
ID Protein storage vacuole membrane.
AC SL-0227
DE The membrane surrounding a protein storage vacuole.
SY Protein storage vacuolar membrane.
SL Protein storage vacuole membrane.
HI Vacuole membrane.
HP Protein storage vacuole.
//
ID Protoplasm.
AC SL-0229
DE The protoplasm is the viscid, translucent, polyphasic colloid with
DE water as the continuous phase that makes up the essential material of
DE all plant and animal cells. It is composed mainly of nucleic acids,
DE proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts. The protoplasm
DE surrounding the nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that composing
DE the nucleus is the nucleoplasm.
SL Protoplasm.
GO GO:0005622; intracellular
//
ID Pseudopodium.
AC SL-0298
DE The pseudopodium is a thick knobby cell protrusion. Pseudopodia are
DE produced by polymerization of extensive dendritic meshwork of actin
DE filaments along broad sectors of the cell surface. These temporary
DE irregular and dynamic protrusion or retractile processes of a cell,
DE are associated with ameboid movement (crawling). Pseudopodium, or
DE "false foot", mostly used for motile protozoans is comparable to the
DE 'lamellipodium' in vertebrate cells.
SY Pseudopod; Pseudopodia.
SL Cell projection, pseudopodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0031143; pseudopodium
//
ID Pseudopodium membrane.
AC SL-0299
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a pseudopodium.
SL Cell projection, pseudopodium membrane.
HP Pseudopodium.
HP Cell membrane.
GO GO:0031260; pseudopodium membrane
//
ID P-body.
AC SL-0230
DE P-bodies are dynamic and reversible nonmembrane-bound cytoplasmic
DE structures. These discrete foci function in mRNA decay (decapping and
DE breakdown), RNA-mediated gene silencing (microRNA and siRNA-based gene
DE silencing), mRNA surveillance (or quality control) and translational
DE control. In addition to being sites of mRNA degradation it seems that
DE P-bodies can temporarily sequester mRNAs away from the translation
DE machinery.
SY P-bodies; P body; P bodies; Processing body; PB; Processing bodies;
SY Cytoplasmic body; Cytoplasmic bodies; Dcp body; DCP bodies; GW body;
SY GW bodies; GWB; Gawky body; Gawky bodies; mRNA processing body;
SY mRNA processing bodies; Cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
SL Cytoplasm, P-body.
HP Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0000932; cytoplasmic mRNA processing body
WW [Pubmed: 17183357] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Recycling endosome.
AC SL-0232
DE The recycling endosome is a membrane network composed of narrow
DE diameters tubules which concentrate in the vicinity of the microtubule
DE organizing center. Recycling receptors after release of their ligands
DE accumulate in those membranes which are devoid of fluid markers.
DE Recycling endosomes may be an intermediate station for receptors
DE before recycling back to the cell surface.
SY Endosomal recycling compartment; ERC.
SL Recycling endosome.
HP Endosome.
GO GO:0055037; recycling endosome
//
ID Recycling endosome lumen.
AC SL-0345
DE The recycling endosomal compartment bounded by the membrane of the
DE recycling endosome.
SY Recycling endosomal lumen.
SL Recycling endosome lumen.
HI Endosome lumen.
HP Recycling endosome.
//
ID Recycling endosome membrane.
AC SL-0231
DE The membrane surrounding the recycling endosomes.
SY Recycling endosomal membrane.
SL Recycling endosome membrane.
HI Endosome membrane.
HP Recycling endosome.
GO GO:0055038; recycling endosome membrane
//
ID Rhoptry.
AC SL-0233
DE The rhoptry is an Apicomplexan parasite organelle. Apicomplexa are
DE named for the unique set of morphologically distinct secretory
DE organelles (refered to as the apical complex)- micronemes, rhoptries
DE and dense granules - whose sequential secretion is required for the
DE invasion of host cells. Rhoptries are twin, membrane-bound, pear-
DE shaped organelles that secrete proteins through their elongated necks
DE at the apical tip of the parasite.
SY Rhoptries.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, rhoptry.
HI Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0020008; rhoptry
//
ID Rhoptry lumen.
AC SL-0346
DE The rhoptry compartment bounded by the membrane of a rhoptry.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, rhoptry lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Rhoptry.
//
ID Rhoptry membrane.
AC SL-0234
DE The membrane surrounding a rhoptry.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, rhoptry membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Rhoptry.
GO GO:0033016; rhoptry membrane
//
ID Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0235
DE The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the portion of the ER which
DE is covered with ribosomes.
SY RER; Rough ER.
SL Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005791; rough endoplasmic reticulum
//
ID Rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0236
DE The rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen is the area enclosed by the
DE rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
SL Rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HI Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0048237; rough endoplasmic reticulum lumen
//
ID Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0237
DE The membrane surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
SL Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HP Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0030867; rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane
//
ID Ruffle.
AC SL-0300
DE A ruffle is a cell protrusion at the leading edge of a crawling cell.
DE Ruffles are supported by a microfilament meshwork.
SL Cell projection, ruffle.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0001726; ruffle
//
ID Ruffle membrane.
AC SL-0301
DE The portion of the cell membrane surrounding a ruffle.
SL Cell projection, ruffle membrane.
HP Ruffle.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Sarcolemma.
AC SL-0238
DE The sarcolemma is the delicate cell membrane of a muscle fiber or
DE muscle cell.
SL Cell membrane, sarcolemma.
HI Cell membrane.
GO GO:0042383; sarcolemma
//
ID Sarcomere.
AC SL-0313
DE The sarcomere represent the basal contractile unit of striated mucles.
DE A single myofibril is composed of these short structural units
DE arranged end to end, which contract due to the relative sliding of
DE thick (myosin) over thin (actin) filaments. The mammalian sarcomere is
DE ~ 2 mm in length, and can shorten to ~ 70% of its original length
DE during contraction. Structural features of the sarcomere include
DE bundles of parallel thick and thin filaments assembled by two
DE transverse structures, the Z-disks and M-bands. The Z-disks and the M-
DE band are connected by transverse filaments to the sarcolemma or to the
DE neighboring myofibrils. Sarcomeres give to skeletal and cardiac
DE muscles their striated appearance with I-bands surrounding the Z-
DE disks, followed by A-bands. The A-bands contain a paler region called
DE the H-band and in the middle the M-line.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere.
HP Myofibril.
GO GO:0030017; sarcomere
//
ID Sarcoplasm.
AC SL-0311
DE The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber or muscle cell or
DE myofiber.
SL Cytoplasm, sarcoplasm.
HI Cytoplasm.
GO GO:0016528; sarcoplasm
//
ID Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0239
DE The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a highly specialized form of the
DE smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is dedicated to the regulation of
DE intracellular calcium homeostasis. The SR can be subdivided in at
DE least two well-characterized regions: the terminal cisternae, where
DE the calcium ions are released, and the longitudinal tubules
DE specialized in the uptake of the calcium ions.
SL Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
KW KW-0703
GO GO:0016529; sarcoplasmic reticulum
//
ID Sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0240
DE The lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the area enclosed by the
DE sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
SL Sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0033018; sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen
//
ID Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0241
DE The membrane surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
SL Sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0033017; sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
//
ID Secondary cell wall.
AC SL-0242
DE In some plants, and cell types after a maximum size or point in
DE development has been reached, a secondary wall, often layered, is
DE constructed below the primary wall. Unlike the primary wall, it losts
DE plasticity and is made usually of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
SL Secreted, secondary cell wall.
HI Cell wall.
GO GO:0009531; secondary cell wall
//
ID Secreted.
AC SL-0243
DE Protein located outside the cell membrane(s).
SL Secreted.
KW KW-0964
//
ID Secretory vesicle.
AC SL-0244
DE The secretory vesicle is a vesicle that mediates the vesicular
DE transport of cargo - e.g. hormones or neurotransmitters - from an
DE organelle to specific sites at the cell membrane, where it docks and
DE fuses to release its content. It has been demonstrated that membrane-
DE bound secretory vesicles dock and fuse at porosomes, which are
DE specialized supramolecular structures at the cell membrane.
SY Secretory granule.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle.
GO GO:0030141; secretory granule
//
ID Secretory vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0347
DE The secretory vesicle compartment bounded by the membrane of the
DE secretory vesicle.
SY Secretory granule lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle lumen.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle lumen.
HP Secretory vesicle.
//
ID Secretory vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0245
DE The membrane surrounding secretory vesicles.
SY Secretory granule membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle membrane.
HI Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane.
HP Secretory vesicle.
GO GO:0030667; secretory granule membrane
//
ID Septate junction.
AC SL-0246
DE The septate junction (SJ) in invertebrates is an occluding complex
DE located basolateral to the adherens junction which have regularly
DE spaced septa bridging a circa 15-nm intercellular space. SJs form the
DE paracellular barrier that regulates passage of solutes through the
DE spaces between adjacent cells in an epithelium for proper nutrient
DE absorption or secretion.
SY Pleated septate junction; Paired septate junction; SJ.
SL Cell junction, septate junction.
HI Cell junction.
//
ID Slime layer.
AC SL-0247
DE The slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of
DE extracellular material which surrounds the bacterial cell. It is
DE usually composed of polysaccharides and it may serve to trap
DE nutrients, to aid in cell motility, to bind cells together or to
DE adhere to smooth surfaces. Slime layers are a more-diffuse glycocalyx
DE than capsules.
SL Secreted, slime layer.
HP Secreted.
GO GO:0030114; slime layer
//
ID Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
AC SL-0248
DE The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is the portion of the ER which
DE is free of ribosomes.
SY SER; Smooth ER.
SL Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
HP Endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0005790; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
//
ID Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
AC SL-0249
DE The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lumen is the area enclosed by the
DE smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
SL Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HI Endoplasmic reticulum lumen.
HP Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0048238; smooth endoplasmic reticulum lumen
//
ID Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AC SL-0250
DE The membrane surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
SL Smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HI Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
HP Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
GO GO:0030868; smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane
//
ID Spindle.
AC SL-0251
DE The spindle is a specialized microtubule structure designed to attach
DE and capture chromosomes in order to partition them evenly to each
DE daughter cells.
SY Mitotic spindle; Mitotic apparatus; Meiotic spindle.
SL Spindle.
GO GO:0005819; spindle
//
ID Spindle pole body.
AC SL-0252
DE The spindle pole body is a multilayered cylindrical structure embedded
DE in the nuclear envelope throughout the yeast life cycle. SPB is the
DE Saccharomyces cerevisiae centrosome-equivalent organelle and is the
DE sole site of microtubule nucleation in budding yeast.
SY SPB; Microtubule-organizing center.
SL Nucleus, spindle pole body.
HP Nucleus envelope.
GO GO:0005816; spindle pole body
//
ID Spore coat.
AC SL-0366
DE Protein found in the spore coat. The spore coat is the thick layer
DE found beneath the perispore of some eukaryotic spores and bacterial
DE mature spores. It is made up of highly cross-linked keratin and layers
DE of specific proteins. The coat is composed of several electron-dense
DE and lamella-like layers, differing between species.
SL Spore wall, spore coat.
HP Spore wall.
//
ID Spore core.
AC SL-0253
DE Protein found in the spore core. The core also called spore matrix is
DE the central part of the spore and contains normal cell structures,
DE such as DNA, proteins and ribosomes, but is metabolically inactive.
SL Spore core.
//
ID Spore core membrane.
AC SL-0363
DE Protein associated with the spore core membrane. The spore core
DE membrane is the membrane surrounding the innermost spore cell or spore
DE core.
SL Spore core membrane.
HI Membrane.
//
ID Spore cortex.
AC SL-0364
DE Protein found in the spore cortex. The spore cortex is a loosely
DE cross-linked peptidoglycan layer localized between the spore core and
DE the outer membrane or cortex membrane of bacterial mature spores. The
DE cortex maintains heat resistance and dormancy.
SL Spore wall, spore cortex.
HP Spore wall.
//
ID Spore outer membrane.
AC SL-0365
DE Protein associated with the spore outer membrane. The outer membrane,
DE also called the cortex membrane, is a membrane localized between the
DE cortex and the inner layer of the coat of bacterial mature spores.
SL Spore wall, spore outer membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Spore wall.
//
ID Spore polar tube.
AC SL-0436
DE The polar tube is a highly specialised structure unique to
DE Microsporidia and required for host cell invasion. In the spore, the
DE polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the
DE sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation, the polar tube
DE rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a cell membrane and serves
DE as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell.
SL Spore polar tube.
//
ID Spore wall.
AC SL-0254
DE Protein found in the spore wall. The spore wall is the main element of
DE the spore's resistance to environmental stress. It is usually composed
DE of several layers of different sugar polymers like mannans and glucans
DE which are associated to glycoproteins. The composition, structure and
DE number of layers are very different between bacteria, plants,
DE protozoans or fungi.
SL Spore wall.
GO GO:0031160; spore wall
//
ID Stereocilium.
AC SL-0302
DE The stereocilium is a finger-like projection forming the hair bundle
DE on the apical surface of sensory hair cells in the cochlea.
DE Stereocilia stiffness and function depend on the several hundreds of
DE uniformly polarized and tightly cross-linked actin filaments.
DE Stereocilia cytoskeleton shows continuous turnover with actin filament
DE assembly occuring at the stereocilium tip and its disassembly at the
DE base so that stereocilium length is maintained in a dynamic steady-
DE state. This staircase-like bundle of stereocilia is responsible for
DE mechanosensation and ultimately the perception of sound.
SY Stereocilia.
SL Cell projection, stereocilium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0032420; stereocilium
WW [Pubmed: 17326148] [Article from publisher]
//
ID Stereocilium membrane.
AC SL-0303
DE The stereocilium membrane is the portion of the cell membrane
DE surrounding a stereocilium.
SY Stereocilia membrane.
SL Cell projection, stereocilium membrane.
HP Stereocilium.
HP Cell membrane.
//
ID Surface film.
AC SL-0255
DE The film of pulmonary surfactants which cover the alveolar surface of
DE the mammalian lung. These surfactants are composed of 90%
DE phospholipids and 10% proteins.
SL Secreted, extracellular space, surface film.
HP Extracellular space.
KW KW-0767
//
ID Symbiosome.
AC SL-0256
DE Symbiosis lead to the formation of a new compartment in the plant cell
DE when bacteria enter the plant cell by endocytosis, the symbiosome.
DE This compartment harbours the bacteroids surrounded by a peribacteroid
DE membrane (PMB) originating from the plant plasma membrane. The space
DE between this membrane and the bacteroid membrane is called the
DE peribacteroid space.
SL Symbiosome.
//
ID Symplast.
AC SL-0257
DE The symplast is a highly ordered and connected space within plants
DE formed by the cytoplasms of individual cells connected by
DE plasmodesmata. The symplast is held in place by a rigid framework, the
DE apoplast.
SL Symplast.
GO GO:0055044; symplast
//
ID Synapse.
AC SL-0258
DE Synapses are the communicating cell-cell junctions that allow signals
DE to pass from a nerve cell to a target cell. In a chemical synapse, the
DE signal is carried by a neurotransmitter which diffuses across a narrow
DE synaptic cleft and activates a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
DE of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, neuronal
DE axon, a specialized region of a muscle or a secretory cell. In an
DE electrical synapse, a direct connection is made between the cytoplasms
DE of two cells via gap junctions.
SL Cell junction, synapse.
HI Cell junction.
KW KW-0770
GO GO:0045202; synapse
//
ID Synaptic vesicle.
AC SL-0259
DE The synaptic vesicles mediate the exocytosis of neurotransmitter and
DE the endocytosis of vesicular components being such a crutial element
DE in the maintenance of synaptic transmission in the nervous system.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle.
HI Secretory vesicle.
HP Synapse.
GO GO:0008021; synaptic vesicle
//
ID Synaptic vesicle lumen.
AC SL-0348
DE The synaptic vesicle compartment bounded by the membrane of a synaptic
DE vesicle.
SY Synaptic vesicular lumen.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle lumen.
HI Secretory vesicle lumen.
HP Synaptic vesicle.
//
ID Synaptic vesicle membrane.
AC SL-0260
DE The membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.
SY Synaptic vesicular membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, synaptic vesicle membrane.
HI Secretory vesicle membrane.
HP Synaptic vesicle.
GO GO:0030672; synaptic vesicle membrane
//
ID Synaptosome.
AC SL-0261
DE Synaptosomes are the pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of
DE vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of
DE the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. They are largely artificial
DE structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of
DE nervous tissue homogenates.
SL Cell junction, synapse, synaptosome.
HP Synapse.
KW KW-0771
GO GO:0019717; synaptosome
//
ID S-layer.
AC SL-0262
DE A S-layer is a paracrystalline protein thin layer attached to the
DE outermost portion of the cell wall. Found in some bacteria and common
DE in archaea where it can constitute the only cell wall structure
DE outside the plasma membrane. In gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer is
DE directly attached to the outer membrane. In gram-positive bacteria,
DE the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer. The S-layer may
DE protect the cell from aggressions such as phagocytosis, harmful
DE enzymes, etc. It also allows bacteria to adhere to host cells or other
DE environmental surfaces and to mantain shape and envelope rigidity.
SL Secreted, cell wall, S-layer.
HP Cell wall.
KW KW-0701
GO GO:0030115; S-layer
//
ID Tegument.
AC SL-0263
DE The tegument of schistosomes is an outer-surface covering blood-
DE dwelling flatworms. This unique structure consists of a double
DE phospholipid bilayer (also known as the heptalaminar outer-surface
DE structure) that ovelay a syncytium of fused cells surrounding the
DE entire worm. These outer-tegumental membranes form many surface pits
DE that substantially increase the surface area of the schistosome. The
DE underlying syncytial-matrix contains some mitochondria, many vesicular
DE structures and an extensive cytoskeleton. A basal lamina separates the
DE syncytium from a layer of muscle cells. Nuclei and ribosomes are
DE located in cytons, which are located underneath the muscle layer and
DE connected by microtubule-lined cytoplasmic connections.
SL Tegument.
//
ID Tegument membrane.
AC SL-0264
DE The membrane suroounding the tegument of schistosomes.
SY Tegumental membrane.
SL Tegument membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Tegument.
//
ID Telomere.
AC SL-0276
DE The telomere is a nucleoprotein structure comprising the terminal
DE section of a eukaryotic chromosome. It has a specialized structure
DE which is replicated by a special process, thereby counteracting the
DE tendency of a chromosome to be shortened during each round of
DE replication.
SY Chromosome, telomeric region.
SL Telomere.
KW KW-0779
GO GO:0000781; chromosome, telomeric region
//
ID Tight junction.
AC SL-0265
DE The tight junction (TJ) is a dynamic, multifunctional complex which,
DE together with adherens junctions and desmosomes, maintains the
DE integrity of the epithelial cell layer(s) that protects multicellular
DE organisms. TJ is located at the apical-most portion of the
DE intercellular junction. It separates the apical and basolateral
DE compartments of epithelia (preventing the lateral diffusion of lipids
DE and proteins between the apical and basolateral domains of plasma
DE membrane) and plays a key role in limiting paracellular permeability
DE to ions and solutes in a charge and size selective manner. TJs appear
DE as multiple strands of fibrils forming a continuous circumferential
DE seal around cells.
SY Zonula occludens; TJ.
SL Cell junction, tight junction.
HI Cell junction.
KW KW-0796
GO GO:0005923; tight junction
WW http://celljunctions.med.nyu.edu/desmosomes/desframe.html
//
ID trans-Golgi network.
AC SL-0266
DE The trans-Golgi network is a highly dynamic series of interconnected
DE tubules and vesicles at the trans face of the Golgi stack. The trans-
DE Golgi network functions in the processing and sorting of glycoproteins
DE and glycolipids at the interface of the biosynthetic and endosomal
DE pathways. The generation and maintenance of apical and basolateral
DE membranes rely on sorting events that occur in the TGN.
SY TGN; Golgi trans-face; trans-Golgi complex; trans-Golgi.
SL Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network.
HP Golgi apparatus.
GO GO:0005802; trans-Golgi network
//
ID trans-Golgi network membrane.
AC SL-0267
DE The membrane surrounding the trans-Golgi network.
SY TGN membrane; Golgi trans-face membrane; trans-Golgi complex membrane; trans-Golgi membrane.
SL Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network membrane.
HI Golgi apparatus membrane.
HP trans-Golgi network.
//
ID Trichocyst.
AC SL-0268
DE The trichocyst is an architecturally complex secretory granule having
DE a highly constrained shape docked at specialized cortical sites in
DE Paramecium and other ciliates. Each cell bears about 1'000
DE trichocysts, which are supposed to be defensive organelles against
DE predators. Trichocyst consists of a spindle-shaped body bearing at its
DE wide end a tip often compared to an inverted golf tee. An external
DE stimulus can trigger massive and synchronous exocytosis. After
DE exocytotic membrane fusion, contact with the H2O and calcium ions in
DE the external medium leads to an extremely rapid (< 50 ms) and
DE irreversible expansion of the trichocyst contents, to yield a second,
DE needle-shaped form which remains insoluble.
SL Trichocyst.
GO GO:0055039; trichocyst
WW [Pubmed: 10865117]
//
ID Uropodium.
AC SL-0141
DE The uropodium is a rigid membrane projection with related cytoskeletal
DE components at the trailing edge of a lymphocyte or other cell in the
DE process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of
DE the cell from the lamellipodium or immunological synapse,
DE respectively.
SY Uropod; Uropodia.
SL Cell projection, uropodium.
HI Cell projection.
GO GO:0001931; uropod
//
ID Vacuole.
AC SL-0272
DE The vacuole is a generally large fluid-filled membrane-bound
DE compartment in the cytoplasm. The precise form and function of
DE vacuoles may vary between phyla. Plant vacuoles are among the best
DE characterized. They differ in terms of their lumenal contents and
DE processing enzymes, as well as on the basis of the type of integral
DE proteins in their membranes (tonoplast intrinsic proteins, TIPs).
DE Examples include the lytic vacuole, the storage vacuole and the
DE lutoid. One important function of plant vacuoles is the maintenance of
DE hydrostatic pressure. Other eukaryotes employ vacuoles for a variety
DE of purposes, including storage (as in the yeast lysosome/vacuole),
DE secretion and phagocytosis. In Protozoa, contractile vacuoles can be
DE used to discharge water from the cytoplasm to the external
DE environment. Aquatic microorganisms may employ gas vacuoles (composed
DE of clusters of inert gas vesicles) to provide buoyancy.
SL Vacuole.
KW KW-0926
GO GO:0005773; vacuole
//
ID Vacuole lumen.
AC SL-0270
DE The lumen of a vacuole is the area enclosed by the vacuolar membrane.
SY Vacuolar lumen.
SL Vacuole lumen.
HP Vacuole.
GO GO:0005775; vacuolar lumen
//
ID Vacuole membrane.
AC SL-0271
DE The membrane surrounding a vacuole.
SY Vacuolar membrane.
SL Vacuole membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Endomembrane system.
HP Vacuole.
GO GO:0005774; vacuolar membrane
//
ID Virion.
AC SL-0274
DE The virion is the complete fully infectious extracellular virus
DE particle.
SL Virion.
KW KW-0946
GO GO:0019012; virion
//
ID Virion membrane.
AC SL-0275
DE The membrane surrounding the virion.
SL Virion membrane.
HI Membrane.
HP Virion.
GO GO:0055036; virion membrane
//
ID Virion tegument.
AC SL-0273
DE The viral tegument is a protein structure that resides between the
DE capsid and envelope of herpesviruses and which appears amorphous in
DE electron micrographs.
SY Viral tegument.
SL Virion tegument.
HP Virion.
KW KW-0920
//
ID Z-disk.
AC SL-0314
DE Z-disks are the lateral boundaries of a single sarcomere. In electron
DE micrographs of cross striated muscle the Z-line appears as a series of
DE dark lines. They represent a key interface between the contractile
DE apparatus and the cytoskeleton. The Z-disk (from the German
DE "Zwischen") largely consists of alpha-actinin homodimers organized in
DE an antiparallel fashion, thereby providing a backbone for the
DE insertions of actin-based thin filaments, as well as titin and
DE nebulin/nebulette. Z-disks of neighbouring sarcomeres are aligned in
DE parallel and connected via the intermediate filament protein desmin.
SY Z-disc; Z-line; Z-band; Z disk; Z body; Z bodies.
SL Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, Z-disk.
HP Sarcomere.
GO GO:0030018; Z disc
//
IT GPI-anchor.
AC SL-9902
DE Protein bound to the lipid bilayer of a membrane through a GPI-anchor
DE (glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor), a complex oligoglycan linked to
DE a phosphatidylinositol group, resulting in the attachment of the C-
DE terminus of the protein to the membrane.
SY Glycosylphospholipidinositol anchor; Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor.
SL Lipid-anchor, GPI-anchor.
HI Lipid-anchor.
KW KW-0336
//
IT GPI-like-anchor.
AC SL-9920
DE Protein bound to the lipid bilayer of a membrane through a GPI-like-
DE anchor, a complex oligoglycan linked to a sphingolipidinositol group,
DE resulting in the attachment of the C-terminus of the protein to the
DE membrane.
SY Glycosylphospholipidinositol anchor; Glycosylsphingolipidinositol anchor.
SL Lipid-anchor, GPI-like-anchor.
HI Lipid-anchor.
KW KW-0336
//
IT Lipid-anchor.
AC SL-9901
DE Protein bound to the lipid bilayer of a membrane through a
DE posttranslationally modification by the attachment of at least one
DE lipid or fatty acid, e.g. farnesyl, palmitate and myristate.
SL Lipid-anchor.
KW KW-0449
//
IT Multi-pass membrane protein.
AC SL-9909
DE Protein spanning the membrane more than once.
SY Multi span; Multispan; Multi-pass; Multi pass; Multipass; Polytopic membrane protein.
SL Multi-pass membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Peptidoglycan-anchor.
AC SL-9900
DE Surface protein of a Gram-positive bacteria anchored to the cell wall
DE envelope by a transpeptidation mechanism which requires a C-terminal
DE sorting signal with a conserved LPXTG motif. An amide bond is created
DE between the carboxyl-group of the conserved threonine and the amino-
DE group of peptidoglycan cross-bridges.
SL Peptidoglycan-anchor.
KW KW-0572
//
IT Peripheral membrane protein.
AC SL-9903
DE Protein that has an affinity for a membrane because it binds either
DE another membrane protein or a lipid head group). Peripheral membrane
DE proteins do not integrate into the hydrophobic core layer.
SL Peripheral membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Single-pass membrane protein.
AC SL-9904
DE Protein spanning the membrane once.
SY Single span; Singlespan; Single-pass; Single pass; Singlepass.
SL Single-pass membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Single-pass type I membrane protein.
AC SL-9905
DE Protein spanning the membrane once, with its N-terminus on the
DE extracellular side of the membrane and removal of its signal sequence.
SY Single span; Singlespan; Single-pass; Single pass; Singlepass.
SL Single-pass type I membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Single-pass type II membrane protein.
AC SL-9906
DE Protein spanning the membrane once, with its N-terminus on the
DE cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The transmembrane domain is located
DE close to the N-terminus and it functions as an anchor.
SY Single span; Singlespan; Single-pass; Single pass; Singlepass.
SL Single-pass type II membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Single-pass type III membrane protein.
AC SL-9907
DE Protein spanning the membrane once, with its N-terminus on the
DE extracellular side of the membrane and no signal sequence.
SY Single span; Singlespan; Single-pass; Single pass; Singlepass.
SL Single-pass type III membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IT Single-pass type IV membrane protein.
AC SL-9908
DE Protein spanning the membrane once, with its N-terminus on the
DE cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The transmembrane domain is located
DE close to the C-terminus and it functions as an anchor.
SY Single span; Singlespan; Single-pass; Single pass; Singlepass.
SL Single-pass type IV membrane protein.
HI Membrane.
//
IO Cytoplasmic side.
AC SL-9910
DE Protein found mostly on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.
SL Cytoplasmic side.
//
IO Extracellular side.
AC SL-9911
DE Protein found mostly on the extracellular side of the membrane.
SL Extracellular side.
//
IO Extravirionic side.
AC SL-9918
DE Protein found mostly on the extracellular side of the virion membrane.
SL Extravirionic side.
//
IO Intermembrane side.
AC SL-9912
DE Protein found mostly on the intermembrane side of the membrane.
SL Intermembrane side.
//
IO Intravirionic side.
AC SL-9919
DE Protein found mostly on the intravirionic side of the virion membrane.
SL Intravirionic side.
//
IO Lumenal side.
AC SL-9914
DE Protein found mostly on the lumenal side of the membrane.
SL Lumenal side.
//
IO Matrix side.
AC SL-9913
DE Protein found mostly on the matrix side of the membrane.
SL Matrix side.
//
IO Nucleoplasmic side.
AC SL-9915
DE Protein found mostly on the nucleoplasmic side of the membrane.
SL Nucleoplasmic side.
//
IO Periplasmic side.
AC SL-9916
DE Protein found mostly on the periplasmic side of the membrane.
SL Periplasmic side.
//
IO Stromal side.
AC SL-9917
DE Protein found mostly on the stromal side of the membrane.
SL Stromal side.
//
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